مقایسه تأثیر تمرین مقاومتی سنتی و با انسداد جریان خون بر برخی شاخص‌های هورمونی آنابولیکی و کاتابولیکی مردان میانسال فعال

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی Released under (CC BY-NC 4.0) license I Open Access I

نویسندگان

1 دانشجوی دکتری فیزیولوژی ورزشی، دانشکده تربیت بدنی و علوم ورزشی، دانشگاه تبریز، تبریز، ایران

2 استاد یار، گروه فیزیولوژی ورزشی، دانشکده تربیت بدنی و علوم ورزشی، دانشگاه تبریز، تبریز، ایران

3 دانشیار، گروه فیزیولوژی ورزشی، دانشکده تربیت بدنی و علوم ورزشی، دانشگاه تبریز، تبریز، ایران

چکیده

هدف: به تازگی، استفاده از تمرین مقاومتی با انسداد جریان خون (BFR) به عنوان جایگزینی برای تمرینات مقاومتی سنگین برای افراد میانسال و سالمند توصیه شده است. لذا، هدف تحقیق حاضر مقایسه تأثیر تمرین مقاومتی با BFR و تمرین سنتی بر سطوح عوامل هورمونی آنابولیک و کاتابولیک در مردان میانسال فعال بود. روش­شناسی: در مطالعه نیمه‌تجربی حاضر 20 مرد میانسال فعال (2/53±47/65 سال) داوطلب انتخاب و به صورت تصادفی در دو گروه تمرین مقاومتی با انسداد جریان خون (BFR) و تمرین سنتی قرار گرفتند. 4 هفته‌ تمرین مقاومتی گروه BFR شامل حرکت جلو پا و پرس پا با شدت 20 درصد 1-RM، یک ست 30 تکراری و 2 ست 15 تکراری و گروه تمرین مقاومتی سنتی شامل همان حرکات با شدت 80 درصد 1-RM در سه ست 10 تکراری بود اجرا کردند. نمونه‌های خونی قبل، بلافاصله بعد (برای هورمون‌های تستوسترون و کورتیزول و لاکتات) و 24 ساعت پس از آخرین جلسه تمرینی (برای هورمون رشد و عامل رشد شبه انسولینی–1) اخذ شد. داده‌ها با آزمون‌های آماری تحلیل واریانس و تی مستقل در سطح معنی‌داری کمتر از 0/05 آنالیز شدند. یافته­ ها: افزایش غلظت استراحتی هورمون رشد و IGF-I سرمی پس از پروتکل تحقیق معنی‌داری بود و تفاوت معنی‌داری بین دو گروه وجود نداشت.  با این حال، تمرین مقاومتی با BFR و تمرین سنتی باعث تغییر معنی‌داری در غلظت کورتیزول و تستوسترون نشد. نتیجه­ گیری: بر اساس نتایج به نظر می‌رسد احتمالاً استفاده از تمرینات مقاومتی با BFR طی دوره میانسالی نسبت به تمرین مقاومتی سنتی دارای به لحاظ پاسخ و سازگاری عوامل هورمونی آنابولیک دارای برتری نمی‌باشد، اما به لحاظ اجرا ممکن است بهتر باشد.

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

The Effect of Traditional Resistance Training and with Blood Flow Restriction on Anabolic and Catabolic Hormonal Markers in Active Males

نویسندگان [English]

  • Farid Pakzad Hasanlou 1
  • Javad Vakili 2
  • Saeed Nikokheslat 3
1 PhD student in Exercise Physiology, Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran.
2 Assistant Professor, Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
3 Associate Professor, Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran.
چکیده [English]

Aim: Recently, the use of resistance training with restricted blood flow (BFR) has been recommended as an alternative to heavy resistance training for middle-aged and elderly people. Therefore, the aim of this research was to evaluate the effect of age and status of resistance training on basal levels of anabolic and catabolic hormones in middle-age active male.  Methods: In this semi-experimental study design, 20 middle-aged active men (age 47.65±2.53 years) were selected. Subjects were randomly divided into two groups of resistance training with and without BFR. Subjects in the 4-week BFR group performed knee extension and leg press at 20% 1-RM intensity, one 30 repetition set and 2 sets of 15 repetitions, and the non-BFR training group performed the same movements at 80% 1-RM intensity in three sets with 10 repetitions. Blood samples were also taken to measure testosterone and cortisol, growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor-1. Finally, Data were analyzed by analyses of variance and independent T test. The significance level was set at p < 0.05. Results: Resting concentrations of growth hormone, and IGF-I increased significantly after four weeks of resistance training with and without BFR. There was no different between resistance training with and without BFR in growth hormone and IGF-I. However, four weeks of resistance training with and without BFR did not significantly change testosterone and cortisol concentration.  Conclusions: Based on the results, it seems likely that the use of resistance training with BFR during middle age is not superior to traditional resistance training in terms of response and adaptation to anabolic hormonal factors, but may be better in terms of implementation.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Anabolic
  • Catabolism
  • Blood Flow Occlusion
  • Hormone
  1.  

    1. Walker S, Santolamazza F, Kraemer W, Häkkinen K. Effects of prolonged hypertrophic resistance training on acute endocrine responses in young and older men. Journal of aging and physical activity. 2015;23(2):230-6.
    2. Hoffman J. Physiological aspects of sport training and performance: Human Kinetics; 2014.
    3. Rosa C, Vilaça-Alves J, Fernandes HM, Saavedra FJ, Pinto RS, dos Reis VM. Order effects of combined strength and endurance training on testosterone, cortisol, growth hormone, and IGF-1 binding protein 3 in concurrently trained men. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research. 2015;29(1):74-9.
    4. Burd NA, Tang JE, Moore DR, Phillips SM. Exercise training and protein metabolism: influences of contraction, protein intake, and sex-based differences. Journal of applied physiology. 2009;106(5):1692-1701.
    5. Cadore EL, Lhullier FLR, Brentano MA, da Silva EM, Ambrosini MB, Spinelli R, et al. Hormonal responses to resistance exercise in long-term trained and untrained middle-aged men. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research. 2008;22(5):1617-1624.
    6. Ahtiainen JP, Pakarinen A, Alen M, Kraemer WJ, Häkkinen K. Muscle hypertrophy, hormonal adaptations and strength development during strength training in strength-trained and untrained men. European journal of applied physiology. 2003;89(6):555-563.
    7. Paunksnis MR, Evangelista AL, La Scala Teixeira CV, Alegretti João G, Pitta RM, Alonso AC, et al. Metabolic and hormonal responses to different resistance training systems in elderly men. The Aging Male. 2018;21(2):106-110.
    8. Ribeiro AS, Schoenfeld BJ, Fleck SJ, Pina FL, Nascimento MA, Cyrino ES. Effects of traditional and pyramidal resistance training systems on muscular strength, muscle mass, and hormonal responses in older women: a randomized crossover trial. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research. 2017;31(7):1888-1896.
    9. Hall JE. Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology E-Book: Elsevier Health Sciences; 2015.
    10. Hayes LD, Herbert P, Sculthorpe NF, Grace FM. Exercise training improves free testosterone in lifelong sedentary aging men. Endocrine connections. 2017;6(5):306-310.
    11. Mangine GT, Hoffman JR, Gonzalez AM, Townsend JR, Wells AJ, Jajtner AR, et al. Exercise-Induced Hormone Elevations Are Related to Muscle Growth. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research. 2017;31(1):45-53.
    12. Smilios I, Pilianidis T, Karamouzis M, Tokmakidis SP. Hormonal responses after various resistance exercise protocols. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. 2003;35(4):644-654.
    13. Wernbom M, Augustsson J, Raastad T. Ischemic strength training: a low‐load alternative to heavy resistance exercise? Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports. 2008;18(4):401-416.
    14. Taylor CW, Ingham SA, Ferguson RA. Acute and chronic effect of sprint interval training combined with postexercise blood-flow restriction in trained individuals. Exp Physiol. 2016;101(1):143-154.
    15. Shimizu R, Hotta K, Yamamoto S, Matsumoto T, Kamiya K, Kato M, et al. Low-intensity resistance training with blood flow restriction improves vascular endothelial function and peripheral blood circulation in healthy elderly people. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2016;116(4):749-757.
    16. Neto GR, Novaes JS, Dias I, Brown A, Vianna J, Cirilo-Sousa MS. Effects of resistance training with blood flow restriction on haemodynamics: a systematic review. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging. 2016.
    17. Neto GR, Novaes JS, Dias I, Brown A, Vianna J, Cirilo‐Sousa MS. Effects of resistance training with blood flow restriction on haemodynamics: a systematic review. Clinical physiology and functional imaging. 2017;37(6):567-574.
    18. Craig CL, Marshall AL, Sjöström M, Bauman AE, Booth ML, Ainsworth BE, et al. International physical activity questionnaire: 12-country reliability and validity. Medicine & science in sports & exercise. 2003;35(8):1381-1395.
    19. Ramis TR, da Silva Medeiros N, de Lemos Muller CH, Boeno F, Silveira D, Souza LG, et al. Effects of Acute Exercise with Blood Flow Restriction on Oxidative Stress Biomarkers. International Journal of Sports Science. 2017;7(5):191-195.
    20. Manini TM, Yarrow JF, Buford TW, Clark BC, Conover CF, Borst SE. Growth hormone responses to acute resistance exercise with vascular restriction in young and old men. Growth Hormone & IGF Research. 2012;22(5):167-172.
    21. Jessee MB, Buckner SL, Dankel SJ, Counts BR, Abe T, Loenneke JP. The Influence of Cuff Width, Sex, and Race on Arterial Occlusion: Implications for Blood Flow Restriction Research. Sports Med. 2016;46(6):913-921.
    22. Hunt JE, Stodart C, Ferguson RA. The influence of participant characteristics on the relationship between cuff pressure and level of blood flow restriction. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2016;116(7):1421-1432.
    23. Kim E, Gregg LD, Kim L, Sherk VD, Bemben MG, Bemben DA. Hormone responses to an acute bout of low intensity blood flow restricted resistance exercise in college-aged females. Journal of sports science & medicine. 2014;13(1):p91.
    24. Bidlingmaier M, Friedrich N, Emeny RT, Spranger J, Wolthers OD, Roswall J, et al. Reference intervals for insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-I) from birth to senescence: results from a multicenter study using a new automated chemiluminescence IGF-I immunoassay conforming to recent international recommendations. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 2014;99(5):1712-1721.
    25. Patterson SD, Leggate M, Nimmo MA, Ferguson RA. Circulating hormone and cytokine response to low-load resistance training with blood flow restriction in older men. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2013;113(3): 713-719.
    26. Larkin KA, Macneil RG, Dirain M, Sandesara B, Manini TM, Buford TW. Blood flow restriction enhances post-resistance exercise angiogenic gene expression. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2012;44(11):2077-2083.
    27. Hwang PS, Willoughby DS. Mechanisms Behind Blood Flow–Restricted Training and its Effect Toward Muscle Growth. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research. 2019;33:S167-S179.
    28. Kim E, Gregg LD, Kim L, Sherk VD, Bemben MG, Bemben DA. Hormone responses to an acute bout of low intensity blood flow restricted resistance exercise in college-aged females. J Sports Sci Med. 2014;13(1):91-96.
    29. Takano H, Morita T, Iida H, Asada K-i, Kato M, Uno K, et al. Hemodynamic and hormonal responses to a short-term low-intensity resistance exercise with the reduction of muscle blood flow. European journal of applied physiology. 2005;95(1):65-73.
    30. Godfrey RJ, Madgwick Z, Whyte GP. The exercise-induced growth hormone response in athletes. Sports Medicine. 2003;33(8):599-613.
    31. Weltman A, Weltman JY, Womack CJ, Davis SE, Blumer JL, Gaesser GA, et al. Exercise training decreases the growth hormone (GH) response to acute constant-load exercise. Medicine and science in sports and exercise. 1997;29(5):669-676.
    32. Goto K, Ishii N, Kizuka T, Takamatsu K. The impact of metabolic stress on hormonal responses and muscular adaptations. Medicine and science in sports and exercise. 2005;37(6):955-963.
    33. Amani-Shalamzari S, Sarikhani A, Paton C, Rajabi H, Bayati M, Nikolaidis PT, et al. Occlusion Training During Specific Futsal Training Improves Aspects of Physiological and Physical Performance. Journal of Sports Science and Medicine. 2020;19(2):374-382.
    34. Bunt J, Boileau R, Bahr J, Nelson R. Sex and training differences in human growth hormone levels during prolonged exercise. Journal of Applied Physiology. 1986;61(5):1796-1801.
    35. Kjaer M, Bangsbo J, Lortie G, Galbo H. Hormonal response to exercise in humans: influence of hypoxia and physical training. American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology. 1988;254(2):R197-R203.
    36. Cook CJ, Kilduff LP, Beaven CM. Improving strength and power in trained athletes with 3 weeks of occlusion training. International journal of sports physiology and performance. 2014;9(1):166-172.
    37. Karimi M, Sharifian M. Comparison of the effect of resistance training with blood flow restriction and traditional method on hormonal responses in young male bodybuilders. Asian Exercise and Sport Science Journal. 2017;1(1):44-55.
    38. Pullinen T, Mero A, Huttunen P, Pakarinen A, Komi PV. Resistance exercise-induced hormonal responses in men, women, and pubescent boys. Medicine and science in sports and exercise. 2002;34(5):806-813.
    39. Silva SR, Lengyel AM. Influência dos glicocorticóides sobre o eixo somatotrófico. Arquivos Brasileiros de Endocrinologia & Metabologia. 2003 Aug;47(4):388-397.
    40. Madarame H, Neya M, Ochi E, Nakazato K, Sato Y, Ishii N. Cross-transfer effects of resistance training with blood flow restriction. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. 2008;40(2):258-263.
    41. Madarame H, Sasaki K, Ishii N. Endocrine responses to upper-and lower-limb resistance exercises with blood flow restriction. Acta Physiologica Hungarica. 2010;97(2):192-200.