ارتقاء عملکرد مغزی شطرنج‌بازان از طریق تعدیل توان امواج بتا و گاما متعاقب دوازده هفته از تمرینات با شرایط تنگی زمان

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی Released under (CC BY-NC 4.0) license I Open Access I

نویسندگان

1 گروه فیزیولوژی ورزشی، دانشکده تربیت بدنی و علوم ورزشی، دانشگاه تبریز، تبریز، ایران

2 گروه فیزیولوژی پزشکی،دانشکده علوم پزشکی، واحد علوم پزشکی تبریز، دانشگاه آزاداسلامی، تبریز، ایران

چکیده

هدف: تنگی زمان بازی شطرنج به‌ویژه در مراحل پایانی بازی با ایجاد اختلال  در عملکرد مغز وحتی در بالاترین سطوح رقابت موجب عدم دستیابی به موفقیت می‌شود. لذا هدف از مطالعه حاضر، بررسی تأثیر 12 هفته تمرینات شطرنج در شرایط تنگی زمان بر توان امواج بتا و گاما در شطرنج‌بازان است. روش پژوهش: در یک طرح تحقیق نیمه‌تجربی و یک سویه کور از میان شطرنج‌بازان شهر تبریز 26 نفر (سن: 1±18 سال؛ درجه بین‌المللی: 7/61±6/1744؛ سابقه فعالیت: 2/2±1/3 سال) ورزشکار داوطلب انتخاب و با استفاده از روش تصادفی ساده، و بر اساس ریتینگ در دو گروه 13 نفره همگن تمرینات شطرنج در شرایط تنگی زمان (5 جلسه در هفته و هر جلسه به مدت چهار ساعت) و گروه کنترل (تمرینات عادی شطرنج) جایگزین شدند. پیش از شروع طرح تحقیق، در انتهای هفته ششم و دوازدهم پروتکل تمرینی، شاخص‌های الکتروانسفالوگرافی برای تعیین توان مطلق امواج بتا و گاما تمام آزمودنی‌ها حین بازی در شرایط تنگی زمان اندازه‌گیری شد. تغییرات شاخص‌های مورد مطالعه طی مراحل مختلف اندازه‌گیری با آزمون‌های تحلیل واریانس 3×2 ، آزمون تعقیبی بونفرونی و تی مستقل با استفاده از نرم‌افزار  SPSS22 در سطح معنی‌داری 05/0>P بررسی شد. یافته‌ها: پس از شش هفته تمرین در هر دو ناحیه مرکزی (C3، C4 و CZ) و فرونتال (F4 و FZ) افزایش معنی‌داری در موج گاما (01/0=P) و بتا (02/0=P) نسبت به مرحله پیش آزمون روی داد ولی تفاوت معنی‌داری بین دو گروه وجود نداشت (7/0=P)، در حالی‌که پس از 12 هفته در نواحی مرکزی (C3، C4 و CZ) و فرونتال (F3، F4 و FZ) افزایش معنی‌داری نسبت به هر دو مرحله قبلی روی داد (001/0=P) که تفاوت بین گروهی در نواحی مرکزی (C3، C4 و CZ) و فرونتال (F3 و FZ) مشاهده شد (001/0=P). به‌علاوه، در ناحیه F3 افزایش موج بتا به طور معنی‌داری بیشتر از ناحیه F4 بود (04/0=P). نتیجه‌گیری: دوازده هفته تمرینات شطرنج با تنگی زمان احتمالاً از طریق افزایش فعالیت امواج بتا و گاما در نواحی فرونتال به ویژه (F3) می‌تواند به طور بالقوه باعث ارتقاء عملکرد مغزی شطرنج‌بازان شود.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات


عنوان مقاله [English]

The brain function promotion by modulating the power of beta and gamma waves subsequent twelve weeks’ time pressure training in chess players

نویسندگان [English]

  • Vahid Sari-Sarraf 1
  • Javad Vakili 1
  • Seyed Mahmoud Tabatabaei 2
  • Asghar Golizadeh 1
1 Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
2 Department of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz Branch, Iran
چکیده [English]

Aim:      Time Pressure in chess, especially in the final stages of the game, can cause failure to achieve success even at the highest levels of competition by disrupting the brain function. Thus, the aim of the current study was to investigate the the effect of twelwe weeks time pressure training on power of beta and gamma waves in frontal and central brain regions in chess players. Methods:  In a semi-experimental and a one-blind research, 26 chess players (age: 18±1 years; ELO: 1744.6±61.7; history: 3.1±2.2) volunteer athlete selected and using simple random method, and based on rating placed in two groups: chess-based training under time pressure (five sessions per week each session for four hours) and normal chess training group. Before starting the research project, at the end of the sixth and twelfth week of the training protocol, electroencephalography indices of the subjects were recorded to determine the absolute power of beta and gamma waves of all subjects during the game under time pressure. The changes of the related indicators during different stages of measurement were analyzed with a 3×2 analysis of variance, bonferroni post hoc as appropriate and independent t-tests using SPSS22 software at a significance level of P < 0.05. Results:  After six weeks of training in both central (C3, C4 and CZ) and frontal (F4 and FZ) regions, there was a significant increase (P=0.01) in gamma and beta waves compared to the pre-test but no significant difference between the two group was observed (P=0.7). While after 12 weeks a significant increase in both central (C3, C4 and CZ) and frontal (F3, F4 and FZ) regions compared to both previous stages was detected in central (C3, C4 and CZ) and frontal (F3 and FZ) regions (P=0.001). In addition, in the F3 area, the increase in beta wave was significantly higher than in the F4 area (P=0.04). Conclusions:  It could be concluded that time pressure chess training can potentially improve the skill performance of chess players by modulating the activity of beta and gamma waves in the frontal areas, especially (F3).

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Chess
  • Time Pressure
  • Electroencephalography
  • Beta Wave
  • Gamma Wave
  1. Howard RWJP, Differences I. Objective evidence of rising population ability: A detailed examination of longitudinal chess data. 2005;38(2):347-63.
  2. Connors MH, Burns BD, Campitelli GJCs. Expertise in complex decision making: the role of search in chess 70 years after de Groot. 2011;35(8):1567-79.
  3. Nanu CC, Coman C, Bularca MC, Mesesan-Schmitz L, Gotea M, Atudorei I, et al. The role of chess in the development of children-parents’ perspectives. 2023;14.
  4. Villafaina S, Collado-Mateo D, Cano-Plasencia R, Gusi N, Fuentes JPJP, behavior. Electroencephalographic response of chess players in decision-making processes under time pressure. 2019;198:140-3.
  5. Wright MJ, Gobet F, Chassy P, Ramchandani PNJP. ERP to chess stimuli reveal expert‐novice differences in the amplitudes of N 2 and P 3 components. 2013;50(10):1023-33.
  6. Leong CT, Lin YW, Zhang J, Yuan Z. How time pressure modulates individual differences in the functional connectivity of chunk memory in chess games. 2023.
  7. Volke H-J, Dettmar P, Richter P, Rudolf M, Buhss UJJoP. On-coupling and off-coupling of neocortical areas in chess experts and novices as revealed by evoked EEG coherence measures and factor-based topological analysis--a pilot study. 2002;16(1):23.
  8. Blanch A, Martínez AJACP. Age and skill in chess: Accuracy and speed‐accuracy performance in reasoning and knowledge. 2023;37(3):569-77.
  9. Fuentes-García JP, Pereira T, Castro MA, Carvalho Santos A, Villafaina S. Heart and brain responses to real versus simulated chess games in trained chess players: a quantitative EEG and HRV study. International journal of environmental research and public health. 2019;16(24):5021.
  10. Rostamkalaee SN, Rostami R, Rahiminezhad A, Farahani HJJoCP. A Comparison between Spectral Power of Electroencephalogram at Rest (Eyes Closed) and Evoked Related Potential among Depressed and Healthy Individuals. 2020;7(4):80-95. [In Persian]
  11. Farmani E, Shafiei B, Qaderi A. A Quantitative Comparative study of Electro-encephalogram (QEEG) between Stutterer and Non-stutterer. 2016. [In Persian]
  12. Koudelková Z, Strmiska M, Jašek RJIJOB, Eng. B. Analysis of brain waves according to their frequency. 2018;12:202-7.
  13. Alipour A, Seifzadeh S, Aligholi H, Nami MJJoIN. QEEG-based neural correlates of decision making in a well-trained eight year-old chess player. 2018;17(3):297-306. [In Persian]
  14. Li J, Zhao X, Xu S, Ma J, Rong J. The study of driving simulator validation for physiological signal measures. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences. 2013;96:2572-83.
  15. Sigman M, Etchemendy P, Fernandez Slezak D, Cecchi GAJFin. Response time distributions in rapid chess: a large-scale decision making experiment. 2010;4:60.
  16. https://ircf.ir/News/detail/5903/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AD%DB%8C-%D9%88-%D8%AA%D8%AF%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%86-%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AA%DA%A9%D9%84-%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%B4%D8%B7%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%AC-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D8%B4%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B7-%D8%AA%D9%86%DA%AF%DB%8C-%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86.
  17. Seidel O, Carius D, Roediger J, Rumpf S, Ragert PJEbr. Changes in neurovascular coupling during cycling exercise measured by multi-distance fNIRS: a comparison between endurance athletes and physically active controls. 2019;237(11):2957-72.
  18. Fuentes-García JP, Villafaina S, Collado-Mateo D, Cano-Plasencia R, Gusi NJIjoer, health p. Chess players increase the theta power spectrum when the difficulty of the opponent increases: an EEG study. 2020;17(1):46.
  19. Conley AC, Cooper PS, Karayanidis F, Gardner AJ, Levi CR, Stanwell P, et al. Resting state electroencephalography and sports-related concussion: a systematic review. 2019;36(1):1-13.
  20. Ftaiti F, Kacem A, Jaidane N, Tabka Z, Dogui MJAE. Changes in EEG activity before and after exhaustive exercise in sedentary women in neutral and hot environments. 2010;41(6):806-11.
  21. Chase WG, Simon HAJCp. Perception in chess. 1973;4(1):55-81.
  22. Parvin E, Mohammadian F, Amani-Shalamzari S, Bayati M, Tazesh BJFian. Dual-Task Training Affect Cognitive and Physical Performances and Brain Oscillation Ratio of Patients With Alzheimer’s Disease: A Randomized Controlled Trial. 2020;12.
  23. Schmidt MT, Kanda PA, Basile LF, da Silva Lopes HF, Baratho R, Demario JL, et al. Index of alpha/theta ratio of the electroencephalogram: a new marker for Alzheimer's disease. Front Aging Neurosci. 2013;5:60.
  24. Shaffer F, McCraty R, Zerr CL. A healthy heart is not a metronome: an integrative review of the heart's anatomy and heart rate variability. Frontiers in psychology. 2014;5:1040.
  25. Minguillon J, Lopez-Gordo MA, Pelayo FJFicn. Stress assessment by prefrontal relative gamma. 2016;10:101.
  26. Kotov AA. Think like a grandmaster: Batsford; 2012.
  27. Poole KL, Schmidt LA. Frontal brain delta‐beta correlation, salivary cortisol, and social anxiety in children. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry. 2019;60(6):646-54.
  28. Fuentes-García JP, Villafaina S, Collado-Mateo D, De la Vega R, Olivares PR, Clemente-Suárez VJ. Differences between high vs. low performance chess players in heart rate variability during chess problems. Frontiers in psychology. 2019;10:409.

29. Gutmann B, Mierau A, Hülsdünker T, Hildebrand C, Przyklenk A, Hollmann W, et al. Effects of physical exercise on individual resting state EEG alpha peak frequency. 2015;2015.