Aerobic training: an approach to regulate oxidative stress in heart tissue of diabetic rats

Document Type : Research Paper I Open Access I Released under (CC BY-NC 4.0) license

Authors

1 Assistant Professor, Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Tabriz University, Tabriz, Iran; epiralaiy@yahoo.com

2 Ph.D student, Exercise physiology, Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran.

Abstract

Aim:  Diabetes increases the production of free radicals and inflammatory agents in the heart tissue. Training plays a role in improving cardiovascular disease, antioxidant activity, and oxidative stress levels. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effect of aerobic training on SOD, GPX, TAC, and MDA in the heart tissue of rats with type 2 diabetes. Methods: 24 male rats (weighing 200±20 gr) and (age eight weeks) were randomly divided into four groups: 1) healthy control, 2) diabetic control, 3) healthy training, and 4) diabetic training.   The training protocol was obtained on the treadmill five days per week with the principle of overload in the first week at a speed of 5-10 m/min for 10-15 minutes and in the eighth week at a speed of 18-24 m/min for 60 minutes. The levels of SOD, GPX, TAC, and MDA were measured in heart tissue. One-way ANOVA and Tukey post hoc tests were used at the significance level of P<0.05. Results:  The findings showed that eight weeks of diabetes caused a significant decrease in SOD, GPX, and TAC levels and an increase in glucose and MDA levels (P=0.001). Also, in both healthy training groups (P=0.001) and diabetic training groups (P<0.05) compared to diabetes control, a significant increase in SOD, GPX, and TAC levels and a decrease in glucose and MDA levels were observed. Conclusions:   Aerobic training can reduce the level of glucose and MDA in the heart tissue of diabetic rats and increase SOD, GPX, and TAC activities. In addition, aerobic training may be considered a useful tool for reducing oxidative stress in diabetes.

Keywords

Main Subjects


  1. Kim K-S, Hong S, Han K, Park C-Y. Association of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease with cardiovascular disease and all-cause death in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a nationwide population-based study. bmj. 2024;384.
  2. Mirzaei M, Rahmaninan M, Mirzaei M, Nadjarzadeh A, Dehghani Tafti AA. Epidemiology of diabetes mellitus, pre-diabetes, undiagnosed and uncontrolled diabetes in Central Iran: results from Yazd health study. BMC Public Health. 2020;20(1):166.
  3. Chuang K-J, Chan C-C, Su T-C, Lee C-T, Tang C-S. The effect of urban air pollution on inflammation, oxidative stress, coagulation, and autonomic dysfunction in young adults. American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine. 2007;176(4):370-6.
  4. Gurer H, Ercal N. Can antioxidants be beneficial in the treatment of lead poisoning? Free Radical Biology and Medicine. 2000;29(10):927-45.
  5. Newsholme P, Keane KN, Carlessi R, Cruzat V. Oxidative stress pathways in pancreatic β-cells and insulin-sensitive cells and tissues: importance to cell metabolism, function, and dysfunction. American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology. 2019;317(3):C420-C33.
  6. Hamtabadi M, Larijani B. A review on the role of oxidative stress and antioxidant treatments in diabetes. Iranian Journal of Diabetes and Metabolism 2009 Dec 10;9(1):1–6. Available from:https://ijdld.tums.ac.ir/article-1-200-fa.html [in Persian].
  7. Porter KE, Riches K. The vascular smooth muscle cell: a therapeutic target in Type 2 diabetes? Clinical science. 2013;125(4):167-82.
  8. Hsu WT, Tsai LY, Lin SK, Hsiao JK, Chen BH. Effects of diabetes duration and glycemic control on free radicals in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Annals of Clinical & Laboratory Science. 2006;36(2):174-8.
  9. Raedschelders K, Ansley DM, Chen DD. The cellular and molecular origin of reactive oxygen species generation during myocardial ischemia and reperfusion. Pharmacology & therapeutics. 2012;133(2):230-55.
  10. Ansley DM, Wang B. Oxidative stress and myocardial injury in the diabetic heart. The Journal of Pathology. 2013;229(2):232-41.
  11. Tsutsui H, Kinugawa S, Matsushima S, Yokota T. Oxidative stress in cardiac and skeletal muscle dysfunction associated with diabetes mellitus. Journal of clinical biochemistry and nutrition. 2010;48(1):68-71.
  12. Hamidi H, Tofighi A, Azar JT, Khaki AA, Razi M. Effect of crocin and treadmill exercise on spermatogenesis and testis structure in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats: an experimental study. 2023.
  13. Marrocco I, Altieri F, Peluso I. Measurement and clinical significance of biomarkers of oxidative stress in humans. Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity. 2017;2017.
  14. Jain SK, Lim G. Lipoic acid decreases lipid peroxidation and protein glycosylation and increases (Na++ K+)-and Ca++-ATPase activities in high glucose-treated human erythrocytes. Free Radical Biology and Medicine. 2000;29(11):1122-8.
  15. Finaud J, Lac G, Filaire E. Oxidative stress: relationship with exercise and training. Sports medicine. 2006;36:327-58.
  16. Bellavere F, Cacciatori V, Bacchi E, Gemma M, Raimondo D, Negri C, et al. Effects of aerobic or resistance exercise training on cardiovascular autonomic function of subjects with type 2 diabetes: A pilot study. Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases. 2018;28(3):226-33.
  17. Steinbacher P, Eckl P. Impact of oxidative stress on exercising skeletal muscle. Biomolecules. 2015;5(2):356-77.
  18. Gao L, Wang W, Liu D, Zucker IH. Exercise training normalizes sympathetic outflow by central antioxidant mechanisms in rabbits with pacing-induced chronic heart failure. Circulation. 2007;115(24):3095-102.
  19. Rajizadeh MA, Khoramipour K, Joukar S, Darvishzadeh-Mahani F, Iranpour M, Bejeshk MA, Zaboli MD. Lung molecular and histological changes in type 2 diabetic rats and its improvement by high-intensity interval training. BMC Pulm Med. 2024;24(1):37. [in Persian].
  20. Khodadadi S, Hassani A, Naderi A. Effect of 4 Weeks HIIT with Spirulina Supplementation Intake on Plasma Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAC) and Lipid Peroxidation (MDA) in Women with Type 2 Diabetes. Iranian journal of diabetes and obesity. 2022. [in Persian].
  21. Mohammadi E, Nikseresht F. Effect of 8 weeks of incremental endurance training on antioxidant enzymes and total antioxidant status of cardiac tissue in experimental diabetic rats. Journal of Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences. 2020 [in Persian].
  22. Abdi A, Ramezani N, Abbasi Daloie A, Ganji N. The effect of aerobic training and Coriandrum sativum extract on some oxidative stress factors in male diabetic Wistar rats. Tabari Biomedical Student Research Journal. 2017;2(4):34-43. [in Persian].
  23. Ghyasi R, Mohaddes G, Naderi R. Combination effect of voluntary exercise and garlic (Allium sativum) on oxidative stress, cholesterol level and histopathology of heart tissue in type 1 diabetic rats. Journal of cardiovascular and thoracic research. 2019;11(1):61.
  24. Akbarpour Beni M, Sabagheyan Rad S, Chamani N. Comparison of the effects of eight weeks of traditional resistance training and TRX on oxidative and antioxidant indicators in women with type 2 diabetes. Journal of Sport and Exercise Physiology Autumn. 2023;16(3):66–75. Availablefrom:https://doi.org/10.48308/joeppa.2023.103908.[in Persian].
  25. Sahar Rak, Asiah Ad, Alireza B, Mozhgan A. The effect of eight weeks of aerobic exercise on the levels of antioxidant enzymes in the heart tissue of type 2 diabetic rats. Vol. 13. Physiology and animal development (biological sciences); 2020 .p. 49–60. Available from: https://sid.ir/paper/411816/fa. [in Persian].
  26. Flensted-Jensen M, Gram M, Dela F, Helge JW, Larsen S. Six weeks of high-intensity cycle training reduces H2O2 emission and increases antioxidant protein levels in obese adults with risk factors for type 2 diabetes. Free Radical Biology and Medicine. 2021;173:1-6.
  27. Afrondeh, Landi K., Mohammadi, Rababe. Comparison of the effect of 6 weeks of aerobic training on catalase and malondialdehyde enzyme activity in the heart tissue of healthy and diabetic Wistar male rats treated with streptozotocin: an experimental intervention. Journal of Medical Sciences Studies. 2019;30(5):337-46. [in Persian].
  28. Xia T, Yang Y, Li W, Tang Z, Huang Q, Li Z, Guo Y. Meditative movements for patients with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2020;2020.
  29. Teixeira-Lemos E, Nunes S, Teixeira F, Reis F. Regular physical exercise training assists in preventing type 2 diabetes development: focus on its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Cardiovascular diabetology. 2011;10:1-15.
  30. Hejazi M. A Comparison of the Effect of Eight Weeks Aerobic Training and Vitamin C Supplements Consumption on Antioxidant Enzymes in Men With Type 2 Diabetes. Internal Medicine Today. 2018;24(2):103-10. [in Persian].
  31. Sasidharan SR, Joseph JA, Anandakumar S, Venkatesan V, Ariyattu Madhavan CN, Agarwal A. An experimental approach for selecting appropriate rodent diets for research studies on metabolic disorders. BioMed research was international. 2013;2013.
  32. Srinivasan K, Viswanad B, Asrat L, Kaul C, Ramarao P. Combination of the high-fat diet-fed and low-dose streptozotocin-treated rat: a model for type 2 diabetes and pharmacological screening. Pharmacological research. 2005;52(4):313-20.
  33. Schwingshackl L, Missbach B, Dias S, König J, Hoffmann G. Impact of different training modalities on glycaemic control and blood lipids in patients with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Diabetologia. 2014;57(9):1789-97.
  34. Bub A, Watzl B, Blockhaus M, Briviba K, Liegibel U, Müller H, et al. Fruit juice consumption modulates antioxidative status, immune status, and DNA damage. The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry. 2003;14(2):90-8.
  35. Cuzzocrea S, Reiter RJ. Pharmacological action of melatonin in shock, inflammation, and ischemia/reperfusion injury. European journal of pharmacology. 2001;426(1-2):1-10.
  36. Paskaloglu K, Șener G, Ayanğolu-Dülger G. Melatonin treatment protects against diabetes-induced functional and biochemical changes in rat aorta and corpus cavernosum. European journal of pharmacology. 2004;499(3):345-54.
  37. Kumari S, Panda S, Mangaraj M, Mandal MK, Mahapatra PC. Plasma MDA and antioxidant vitamins in diabetic retinopathy. Indian J Clin Biochem. 2008;23(2):158-62.
  38. Kayama Y, Raaz U, Jagger A, Adam M, Schellinger IN, Sakamoto M, et al. Diabetic Cardiovascular Disease Induced by Oxidative Stress. Int J Mol Sci. 2015;16(10):25234-63.
  39. Arshadi S, Bakhtiyari S, Haghani K, Valizadeh A. Effects of fenugreek seed extract and swimming endurance training on plasma glucose and cardiac antioxidant enzymes activity in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Osong public health and research perspectives. 2015;6(2):87-93.
  40. Oztasan N, Taysi S, Gumustekin K, Altinkaynak K, Aktas O, Timur H, et al. Endurance training attenuates exercise-induced oxidative stress in erythrocytes in rats. European journal of applied physiology. 2004;91:622-7.
  41. Radak Z, Chung HY, Goto S. Systemic adaptation to oxidative challenge induced by regular exercise. Free Radical Biology and Medicine. 2008;44(2):153-9.
  42. Vieira Junior RC, Silva CMS, Araújo MBd, Garcia A, Voltarelli VA, Reis Filho ADd, Voltarelli FA. Aerobic swimming training increases the activity of antioxidant enzymes and the glycogen content in the skeletal muscle of rats. Revista Brasileira de Medicina do Esporte. 2013;19:204-8.
  43. Wang G-g, Li W, Lu X-h, Zhao X, Xu L. Taurine attenuates oxidative stress and alleviates cardiac failure in type I diabetic rats. Croatian Medical Journal. 2013;54(2):171-9.
  44. Corbi G, Conti V, Russomanno G, Rengo G, Vitulli P, Ciccarelli AL, et al. Is physical activity able to modify oxidative damage in cardiovascular aging? Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity. 2012;2012.
  45. Judge S, Jang YM, Smith A, Selman C, Phillips T, Speakman JR, et al. Exercise by lifelong voluntary wheel running reduces subsarcolemmal and interfibrillar mitochondrial hydrogen peroxide production in the heart. American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology. 2005;289(6):R1564-R72.
  46. Brocardo PS, Boehme F, Patten A, Cox A, Gil-Mohapel J, Christie BR. Anxiety-and depression-like behaviors are accompanied by an increase in oxidative stress in a rat model of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders: Protective effects of voluntary physical exercise. Neuropharmacology. 2012;62(4):1607-18.
  47. Lira Ferrari GS, Bucalen Ferrari CK. Exercise modulation of total antioxidant capacity (TAC): towards a molecular signature of healthy aging. Frontiers in Life Science. 2011;5(3-4):81-90.
  48. Golbidi S, Badran M, Laher I. Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of exercise in diabetic patients. Experimental diabetes research. 2012;2012.
  49. Teixeira de Lemos E, Oliveira J, Páscoa Pinheiro J, Reis F. Regular physical exercise as a strategy to improve antioxidant and anti-inflammatory status: benefits in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity. 2012;2012.
  50. Mahmoud AM. Exercise ameliorates metabolic disturbances and oxidative stress in diabetic cardiomyopathy: possible underlying mechanisms. Exercise for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention and Treatment: From Molecular to Clinical, Part 1. 2017:207-30.