https://jahssp.azaruniv.ac.ir/ Journal of Applied Health Studies in Sport Physiology en daily 1 Sat, 21 Mar 2026 00:00:00 +0330 Sat, 21 Mar 2026 00:00:00 +0330 https://jahssp.azaruniv.ac.ir/article_15100.html Aim: Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is the result of excessive accumulation of triglycerides in liver cells, which is associated with a decrease in PGC-1α and an increase in inflammatory cytokines. The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the effect of eight weeks of high-intensity interval swimming training on the expression of PGC-1α and IL-6 proteins and memory function in the brain hippocampus in rats with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis induced by a high-fat diet.:. Methods: The present research was experimental. 40 male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into two groups: healthy (n=20) and high-fat diet (HFD) (n=20). The HFD group received a high-fat diet for eight weeks with the aim of inducing the disease. After proving the disease, the rats were divided into four groups: control-healthy (n=9), training-healthy (n=9), control-disease (n=9) and training-disease (n=9). The training groups performed eight weeks of high-intensity interval swimming exercises (three sessions per week, each session lasting 30 minutes). At the end, PGC-1α and IL-6 proteins in the hippocampus of the brain were measured by ELISA method, and memory performance was evaluated by the Morris water Maze behavioral test. One-way ANOVA and Bonferroni's post hoc test were used to analyze the data (p<0.05) and all statistical methods were performed using spss version 26 software. Results: The highest and lowest amount of PGC-1α protein was observed in training-healthy and control-disease groups, respectively. Also, in the IL-6 variable, the highest and lowest levels were observed in the control-disease and training-healthy groups, respectively. There was also a significant difference between the groups in the variable of memory performance (P<0.05).Conclusion: high intensity interval swimming training in NASH can lead Increase PGC-1α and decrease IL-6 in the brain hippocampus and improve memory function. https://jahssp.azaruniv.ac.ir/article_14645.html Aim:      Bisphenol-A (BPA) is a monomer that is used in the production of the protective resin layer in polycarbonate plastics and has a negative effect on the endocrine system. The purpose of the present study was to determine the effect of eight weeks of aerobic exercise training with nanoparticle and zinc oxide supplementation on hepatic enzymes and some hepatokines (Fetuin-A and FGF-21) in rats intoxicated with BPA. Methods: The present study was experimental.  60 male rats were divided into 12 groups: 1) Control; 2) BPA; 3) Exercise; 4) Exercise+BPA; 5) Nanoparticle supplementation (Nano); 6) Nanoparticle+BPA (Nano+BPA); 7) Zinc oxide salt (Zno); 8) Zinc oxide salt+BPA (Zno+BPA); 9) Exercise+Nano; 10) Exercise+Nano+BPA; 11) Exercise+Zno; and 12) Exercise+Zno+BPA. Aerobic training was performed for eight weeks, five sessions each week with 50% to 75% VO2max, and 25−64 minutes each. Nanoparticle and zinc oxide supplements (3 mg/kg) were injected into animals five days a week for eight weeks. The ALT, AST, Fetuin-A, and FGF-21 levels were measured by ELISA method. One-way ANOVA was used to compare between groups and Tukey's test was used to determine the variety between groups. Results: BPA caused a significant increase in ALT, AST and Fetuin-A activity compared to the control group (p=0.001), but had no effect on FGF-21 levels (p>0.05). On the other hand, the supplement alone and the combination of the supplement with exercise led to a significant decrease in ALT and AST activity (p=0.001). Exercise alone, supplements alone, and their combination also led to a significant decrease in Fetuin-A (p=0.001). Conclusions: Aerobic exercise, zinc supplementation, and especially the combination of these two (aerobic exercise + zinc supplementation) can probably reduce the negative effects induced by BPA. https://jahssp.azaruniv.ac.ir/article_14668.html Aim: In the obesity condition, the supply of testicular tissue energy substrate is under negative adjustment, and exercise training is an efficient strategy to deal with the adverse effects of obesity. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of 12 weeks of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on the glucose transporter 3 (GLUT-3) gene expression and lactate levels in testicular tissue of obese male Wistar rats. Methods: The present study was experimental. 18 rats were randomly divided into 3 groups: 1) control, 2) HFD-sole, and 3) HFD+HIIT (n=6/group). The HFD and HFD+HIIT groups were fed with high-fat diet (HFD) from the beginning to the end of the study (24 weeks), and the control group was fed standard food from the beginning to the end of the study. From the 12th week of the study, the HFD+HIIT group was trained for 12 weeks, and five sessions per week. HIIT was performed with a 20-degree slope, 13 intervals, and an intensity of 85-90% of the maximum running speed (Smax). GLUT-3 mRNA levels were measured using qRT-PCR technique and lactate levels were measured by ELISA method. One-way ANOVA followed by Tukey post-hoc tests was performed for analyses of quantitative findings regarding molecular findings were conducted. Results: HFD-induced obesity exhibited a remarkable (p<0.05) reduction in testis GLUT-3 mRNA and lactate levels, in contrast, HIIT group represented a remarkable increment (p<0.05) GLUT-3 expression and lactate levels. Conclusions: Our result confirms that HIIT training can potentially ameliorate the detrimental effects of HFD-induced obesity on the testis. In this regard, it seems that HIIT with up-regulation of glucose transporter (GLUT-3) may help to improve the process of glucose to lactate converting and facilitate access to the desired testicular tissue substrate. https://jahssp.azaruniv.ac.ir/article_14717.html Aim: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is one of the most common chronic liver diseases worldwide. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of a course of Pilates exercises on serum levels of fibroblast growth factor 21, insulin resistance index and lipid profile in women with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Methods:   30 women with grade 2 NAFLD were purposefully selected and randomly divided into two experimental (n=15) and control (n=15) groups. The exercise group participated in an eight-week Pilates training program that consisted of three sessions per week, each session lasting one hour, while the control group maintained and followed their usual way of life during the research period. Blood samples were collected in pre-test and post-test phases after 12 hours of fasting. To analyze the data, the dependent t-test was used to examine intra-group changes and the ANCOVA test with the covariate of baseline values was used to examine inter-group changes.  All statistical analyzes were performed using SPSS23 software, and the significance level was considered P ≤ 0.05. Results: As a result of exercise intervention in the experimental group compared to the control group, serum levels of FGF21 (p=0.001), high-density lipoprotein (HDL-C) (p=0.001), significantly increased and the values of insulin resistance index (p=0.001), triglyceride (p=0.001), cholesterol (p=0.001), body mass index (p=0.001) and body fat percentage (p=0.017), significantly were decreased. Conclusions: Considering the positive effects of Pilates exercise used in this study on FGF21 levels and lipid profile variables and body composition in the studied subjects, this type of exercise can be suggested as a non-pharmacological treatment intervention to improve the condition of patients with NAFLD. https://jahssp.azaruniv.ac.ir/article_14919.html Methods: In a semi-experimental and a one-blind research, 26 chess players (age: 18±1 years; ELO: 1744.6±61.7; history: 3.1±2.2) volunteer athlete selected and using simple random method, and based on rating placed in two groups: chess-based training under time pressure (five sessions per week each session for four hours) and normal chess training group. Before starting the research project, at the end of the sixth and twelfth week of the training protocol, electroencephalography indices of the subjects were recorded to determine the absolute power of beta and gamma waves of all subjects during the game under time pressure. The changes of the related indicators during different stages of measurement were analyzed with a 3×2 analysis of variance, bonferroni post hoc as appropriate and independent t-tests using SPSS22 software at a significance level of P < 0.05. Results: After six weeks of training in both central (C3, C4 and CZ) and frontal (F4 and FZ) regions, there was a significant increase (P=0.01) in gamma and beta waves compared to the pre-test but no significant difference between the two group was observed (P=0.7). While after 12 weeks a significant increase in both central (C3, C4 and CZ) and frontal (F3, F4 and FZ) regions compared to both previous stages was detected in central (C3, C4 and CZ) and frontal (F3 and FZ) regions (P=0.001). In addition, in the F3 area, the increase in beta wave was significantly higher than in the F4 area (P=0.04). Conclusions: It could be concluded that time pressure chess training can potentially improve the skill performance of chess players by modulating the activity of beta and gamma waves in the frontal areas, especially (F3). https://jahssp.azaruniv.ac.ir/article_14844.html Aim: NLRP3 inflammasome activation has a role in pathological processes and disorders, including obesity and type 2 diabetes, and is related to the pathophysiology of cardiovascular diseases, including heart failure and myocardial ischemia. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of eight weeks of high-intensity interval training along with L-cysteine consumption on the level of NLRP3 in the heart tissue of rats with type 2 diabetes. Methods: In this study, 30 male Wistar rats were divided into five control groups (healthy control, diabetic control) and experimental (diabetic-exercise, Diabetic-L-cysteine supplementation, and Diabetic-L-cysteine supplementation and exercise). After inducing diabetes to experimental and diabetic control groups, the exercise group performed intense interval training for eight weeks. L-cysteine supplement group also took 200 mg tablets dissolved in 3 ml of water for eight weeks. To determine the difference between the groups, one-way analysis of variance and post hoc Bonferroni test were used. Results: Compared to the diabetic control group, all three experimental groups showed a significant decrease in NLRP3 index (p≥0.01). In the comparison of two experimental groups included intense Interval Training with and without L-cysteine supplementation, no significant difference was observed in the decreasing changes of NLRP3 index (p≤0.05). Also, in the comparison of the two experimental groups included intense Interval Training and l-cysteine supplement and single l-cysteine consumption, the intense interval training and l-cysteine supplement group had more and significant decreasing changes in the NLRP3 index in rats with type 2 diabetes. (p≥0.01). Conclusions: The implementation of high-intensity interval training without L-cysteine consumption has a greater effect on the significant reduction of NLRP3 in the heart tissue of rats with type 2 diabetes. https://jahssp.azaruniv.ac.ir/article_14851.html Introduction and Objective: Muscle damage occurs in not only pathological conditions (muscular dystrophy) but also physiological challenging due to eccentric exercises and causes muscle dysfunction, inflammation of muscle fibers and muscle pain. New blood biomarkers to assess exercise-induced muscle damage have attracted the attention of many researchers. The aim of this study was to determine the changes in circulating myomesin 3 fragments as a new biomarker for exercise induced muscle injury Methodology: 36 inactive women were selected and randomly assigned to three groups of eccentric exercise, concentric exercise and control. After a familiarization period, while the eccentric exercise group performed one session of running on a treadmill with negative slope (negative slope of 10 degrees, at 60% VO2max and for 30 minutes) and concentric exercise group performed one session of running on a treadmill with positive slope (positive slope of 10 degrees, at 60% VO2max and for 30 minutes), the control group had no exercise. 48 hours before and after exercise, blood sampling was taken to evaluate the effects of training response Results: one session of running at a negative and positive slope significantly increased serum levels of myomesin 3 and creatine kinase compared to the control group(p≤0.001,p≤021 respectively). The increase in the levels of myomesin 3 and creatine kinase in the negative slope exercise group was more than the positive inclination exercises, but this difference was not significant.Conclusion: One session of eccentric exercise can increase serum levels of myomesin 3 in comparison with the concentric group. It seems that myomesin 3 can be confirmed as a new biomarker of muscle injury after exercise. https://jahssp.azaruniv.ac.ir/article_14869.html Aim: Metabolic syndrome is related to an increase in free radicals and oxidative stress or a decrease in the antioxidant capacity of the body. The aim of the present study was to investigate and evaluate the effects of functional exercises with two different intensities, both with and without yarrow supplementation, on certain antioxidant and inflammatory indices in individuals with metabolic syndrome. Methods: 50 inactive obese men with metabolic syndrome were randomly divided into five groups (HIFT, FT, HIFT-S, FT-S and Control). Measurements were recorded in the health center of Mohaghegh Ardabili University. GPX, SOD, CRP, and adiponectin indices were measured in two phases before and after the exercises. The supplement group consumed 200 cc of yarrow supplement, and the control group received the placebo as a mixture of water and sugar. HIFT training protocol was performed for 6 weeks and 3 sessions for 60 minutes each week. Two-way analysis of variance with repeated measurements and to check the normality of the data, the Shapiro-Wilk test was used at the 0.05 level. Results: The results of the statistical tests did not show a significant difference between the research groups in the GPX variable (P=0.390), but the levels of SOD, CRP, and adiponectin showed a significant difference between the FT and HIFT groups and the FT-S and HIFT-S groups (P=0.001). Conclusions: These findings suggest that functional training, particularly when combined with yarrow supplementation, can enhance antioxidant capacity and reduce inflammation in individuals with metabolic syndrome. However, further research is needed to better understand the specific mechanisms and long-term benefits of these interventions. https://jahssp.azaruniv.ac.ir/article_14887.html Aim:       Environmental temperature and exercise are factors that affect body weight regulation. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of six weeks of high-intensity interval training in hot temperature on insulin resistance index and serum leptin in obese men. Methods: The present study was a quasi-experimental study with a pre-test and post-test design. 32 young obese men were divided into 4 equal groups; Group 1: training at 22°C (TR22), Group 2: training at 36°C (TR36), Group 3: resting at 22°C (C22), and Group 4: resting at 36°C (C36). The TR36 and TR22 groups performed high-intensity interval training three days a week for 6 weeks at an intensity of 80-85% of heart rate reserve at two different temperatures. In two stages, before and after the intervention, leptin, insulin, serum glucose, and anthropometric indices of the subjects were measured. Statistical analysis of the research data was analyzed using one-way analysis of variance, Tukey's post hoc test, and Pearson's correlation coefficient. Results: The results of the present study showed that 6 weeks of interval training in hot temperature a significant decrease in the variables leptin (P = 0.001), insulin (P = 0.001), glucose (P = 0.001), weight (P = 0.001), and body fat percentage (P = 0.001) in the subjects of the TR36 group compared to the control group (C36 group). Also, a direct and significant relationship was observed between changes in body fat percentage in the TR36 group with leptin (TR36 P = 0.031) and insulin (TR36 P = 0.039) concentrations. Conclusion: Performing interval training in hot temperature, unlike normal temperature, reduces leptin, insulin, glucose, fat percentage, and body weight levels in obese individuals. It also seems that the decrease in leptin and insulin levels is related to changes in fat percentage. https://jahssp.azaruniv.ac.ir/article_14889.html Aim:       Atherosclerosis is a chronic and progressive disease whose initial stages begin in childhood and its clinical manifestations appear in the fourth decade of life. Therefore, determining a specific exercise program to provide to people prone to cardiovascular diseases can be important in order to reduce the predictors of atherosclerosis. The current study was designed and implemented with the aim of investigating the effect of eight weeks of aerobic, resistance and combined exercises on the inflammatory indicators predicting atherosclerosis and the body composition of obese middle-aged women. Methods: Forty obese middle-aged women (BMI ≥ 30) aged 45 to 55 years (47.36±3.64) were selected from eligible individuals after being called and randomly divided into four groups: aerobic exercise, resistance exercise, combined exercise, and control grou  (10 people per group). The training groups did their own training for 8 weeks and 3 sessions every week. To examine the biochemical variables, blood samples were taken from the subjects before starting the exercises (pre-test) and 48 hours after the end of the exercises (post-test) in fasting conditions. The levels of homocysteine, fibrinogen, and C-reactive protein were measured using a Bionik kits. Body composition was also evaluated by body composition device. Results: The results showed that 8 weeks of aerobic, resistance and combined training decreased homocysteine​​(p=0.001) and CRP blood levels (p=0.001). Also, combined  training  significantly reduced blood fibrinogen levels (p=0.001) and resistance  training  significantly reduced blood fibrinogen levels (p=0.01) and body fat percentage (p=0.01). Conclusions: In general, it can be claimed that eight weeks of aerobic, resistance and combined training is effective in improving cardiovascular health and reducing the risk of atherosclerosis by reducing the inflammatory risk factors  such as homocysteine, C-reactive protein, and fibrinogen. https://jahssp.azaruniv.ac.ir/article_14913.html Aim The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of twelve weeks of combined exercise (aerobic, resistance, and tai chi) along with N-acetylcysteine ​​supplementation on oxidative stress and enzymatic antioxidants in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Methods:     In this quasi-experimental study, 80 men with a mean age of (46.87±1.50) suffering from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease were randomly assigned to 4 groups: combined exercise group, combined exercise group with supplement intake, supplement group, and placebo group equally (n=20).The exercise was performed for 12 weeks, 6 sessions per week for 60 minutes.. 1800 mg of N-acetylcysteine supplement was prescribed daily along with three main meals.  Malondialdehyde levels as an indicator of lipid peroxidation and catalase, glutathione peroxidase (GPX) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) enzymes were measured at pre-test and post-test. Data analysis was performed using analysis of covariance and paired t-test at a significance level of P≥0.05. Results:  After 12 weeks of intervention, the mean values ​​of catalase (25.45%, p=0.102), superoxide dismutase (22.43%, p=0.01), and glutathione peroxidase (18.94%, p=0.01) significantly increased in the supplement + exercise group. A significant decrease in MDA was observed in the supplement + exercise group (26.10%, p=0.002). The levels of CAT (p=0.001), SOD (p=0.001), and GPX (p=0.001) in the exercise + supplement group significantly increased compared to the placebo group, and the MDA value (p=0.001) in the exercise + supplement group was significantly lower than the placebo group. Also, the levels of catalase (p=0.01), SOD (p=0.01), and GPX (p=0.02) in the exercise group significantly increased compared to the placebo group, and the level of MDA (p=0.01) significantly decreased. Conclusions:  ombined exercises, N-acetylcysteine, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, glutathione peroxidase, malondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase . https://jahssp.azaruniv.ac.ir/article_14916.html Background and Objective: Cognitive decline is a common complication of diabetes that is inadequately addressed by existing treatments. This study investigated the synergistic effects of selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) and high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on cognitive function and neuroprotection in a diabetic rat model. Methods: Male rats (n=31) were induced with diabetes and divided into five groups: control, placebo, treatment with SeNPs (supplement), HIIT (exercise), and combined treatment of SeNPs and HIIT (supplement + excersie). Cognitive function was assessed using the Morris water maze test, and irisin receptor expression and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) protein levels were assessed to assess neuroprotective effects. Results: The results showed that both SeNPs and HIIT significantly enhanced learning and memory and also provided neuroprotective benefits. Notably, treatment groups showed increased expression of irisin receptor in the hippocampus and increased BDNF levels compared to control groups. Conclusion: The combination of SeNPs and HIIT may effectively reduce cognitive decline and promote neuroprotection in diabetic conditions through modulation of irisin and BDNF signaling pathways. https://jahssp.azaruniv.ac.ir/article_14929.html The positive effects of exercise training on mood and behavioral disorders in Alzheimer's patients as a non-pharmacological approach are of interest to researchers. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of aerobic training on the level of anxiety and serotonin levels in the hippocampus. and the prefrontal cortex of rats suffering from Alzheimer's. Method: 40 male Wistar rats (80-90 days, 237±33 grams) were randomly divided into four groups (N=10): control, training, Alzheimer and Alzheimer+training. They had two weeks of adaptation to the environment and 12 weeks of aerobic training on the treadmill. The Alzheimer's disease model was created at the end of the ninth week by injecting 3 mg/kg of streptozocin into the ventricular region of the brain. After disease induction, aerobic exercise was continued for three weeks. At the end of the training period, the dark and light box test was performed to estimate the anxiety level of the rats, then to separate the hippocampus and prefrontal areas, and finally to measure the amount of serotonin using the MyBio kit and the ELISA technique. To analyze the data, one-way ANOVA with Tukey's post-hoc test (P<0.05) was performed by SPSS software. Results: The anxiety level of the rats in the Alzheimer+training was significantly reduced compared to the Alzheimer's group (P=0.001). The average time and number of entering the light section was higher than the Alzheimer's group. Serotonin levels in the prefrontal region of Alzheimer+training group increased significantly compared to the Alzheimer's group (P=0.001). However, this increase was insignificant in the hippocampus region (P=0.149). In none of the variables, there were no significant difference between Alzheimer+training and the healthy training groups (P>0.05). Conclusion: Having an active lifestyle and performing aerobic exercise, by increasing the secretion of serotonin hormone in the prefrontal cortex of the brain, reduces the  level of anxiety in Rats with Alzheimer's disease. https://jahssp.azaruniv.ac.ir/article_14930.html Aim:       Asprosin is a newly identified peptide hormone that is a proteolytic product of a protein called profibrillin. This study aims to examine the effects of eight weeks of moderate-intensity and high-intensity interval training on plasma levels of Asprosin, insulin resistance, and certain body composition indices in overweight and obese women.Methods:  This study was a quasi-experimental and applied research in which 45 subjects were purposefully selected and randomly divided into three experimental and control groups of 15 subjects each. The training program (high-intensity interval training and moderate-intensity interval training) consisted of four and 30 minutes of running, respectively, at 45-60% and 85-95% of maximum heart rate. The first training session was conducted at 45% and 85% of maximum heart rate, respectively, and the intensity of the training was gradually increased by 5% each week. After reaching 60% and 90% of maximum heart rate, respectively, this intensity was maintained until the end of the training program. Blood sampling was performed after 12 hours of fasting in two stages, pre- and post-test, and research variables were measured. To assess the normality of data distribution, the Shapiro-Wilk test was used, and for intra- and inter-group changes, the dependent t-test and covariance analysis were employed at a significance level of( p≤ 0.05).Results The results showed that all the indicators examined in this study had a significant difference between the two training groups and the control group (p<0.05). Also, a significant difference was observed in the changes in asprosin concentration between the two high-intensity interval training and moderate-intensity continuous training groups (p<0.05). In the intra-group comparison, plasma asprosin levels, body weight, body mass index, fat percentage, and insulin resistance in both training groups in the post-test phase decreased significantly compared to before training (p<0.05).Conclusion: Therefore, given the reduction in Asprosin, insulin resistance, and various body composition indicators, it is recommended that overweight and obese individuals engage in high-intensity interval training and moderate-intensity continuous training methods to prevent obesity-related diseases. https://jahssp.azaruniv.ac.ir/article_14932.html Background& purpose: Obese and overweight women experience a temporary increase in inflammatory markers when starting an training program, and consuming micronutrients such as polyphenols and anthocyanins found in fruits is beneficial in managing this inflammation. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of six weeks of tart cherry juice consumption combined with concurrent training on inflammatory markers, lipid profile, and body composition in overweight and obese women.Methods: This semi-experimental study was conducted in a pre-test and post-test design. For this purpose, 26 healthy young women aged 20-35 years with a BMI of 30.6±3.5 kg/m², who had no history of physical activity in the past six months, were recruited through a call and randomly assigned to two groups of 13 participants each: training and training+supplement groups. The concurrent training was performed for six weeks, including resistance training at 55-70% of 1RM and aerobic training at 55-70% of heart rate reserve. The training+supplement group consumed 240 ml of tart cherry juice daily. IL-6, hs-CRP, serum lipid profile, and body composition were measured and analyzed using covariance analysis and paired t-tests at a significance level of P≤0.05.Results: In the within-group comparison, exercise alone resulted in a significant increase in IL-6 (P=0.018) and a significant decrease in TG (P=0.040). TC (P≤0.05), LDL-C (P≤0.05), and BF% (P≤0.001) significantly decreased in both groups. Additionally, in the training+supplement group, HDL-C (P≤0.001) significantly increased, and BMI (P=0.005) significantly decreased. In the between-group comparison, there was a significant decrease in hs-CRP (P=0.003), IL-6 (P=0.010), and SLM (P=0.008), along with a significant increase in HDL-C (P=0.009) in the training+supplement group.Conclusion: Tart cherry juice consumption combined with concurrent training appears to have a significant effect on reducing hs-CRP and IL-6 and increasing HDL-C, which are more pronounced compared to concurrent training alone. https://jahssp.azaruniv.ac.ir/article_14935.html Background& purpose: Nowadays, the prevalence of obesity has become a public health concern. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate precise treatment strategies and simultaneously investigate the mechanisms involved. The present study aimed to examine the effect of a high-intensity interval training course on the expression of FGF21 in the soleus muscle and lipid profile in rats fed a high-fat diet. Methods: For this purpose, 24 healthy adult male rats were randomly divided into four groups: control (CON) (N=6), control+exercise (CON+EXE) (N=6), high-fat diet (HFD) (N=6), and high-fat diet+exercise (HFD+EXE) (N=6). Diet and exercise interventions were initiated simultaneously and continued for 10 weeks. HIIT training consisted of eight periods of interval activity (90% MRC for 2.5 min) with active rest periods (50% MRC) for 2.5 min). The PCR_ method was used to examine FGF21 expression in the soleus muscle. Serum lipid indices were also measured. Shapiro-Wilk test was used to examine the normality of the data distribution, and one-way ANOVA was used to analyze the data. Tukey's post hoc test was also used to study pairwise groups. The significance level was set at P<0.05, and statistical analyses were performed using SPSS27 software. Results: By performing HIIT, weight and BMI were reduced, and LDL, cholesterol, HDL, and HDL/LDL ratio were increased in the training groups compared to those in the control group (P=0.001). The expression of FGF21 in the soleus muscle was significantly higher in the training group than in the control group (P=0.001). Conclusions: Ten weeks of HIIT without caloric restriction could potentially increase FGF21 expression and improve lipid profiles and weight loss. Therefore, this type of training can modulate and regulate obesity and its complications, without caloric restriction. https://jahssp.azaruniv.ac.ir/article_14939.html Background& purpose: Consumption of high-fat and high-carbohydrate diets causes metabolic disorders in the liver. In contrast, exercise and nutritional interventions are effective strategies to improve the destructive effects of these types of diets. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of high-intensity interval training and intermittent fasting on markers of lipolysis in liver tissue of rats fed a high-fat and high-carbohydrate diet. Methods: Thirty Sprague-Dawley male rats with 8-week-old were randomly divided into standard diet (ND) groups (6), high-fat, high-carbohydrate diet (HFD+HC) (6), high-fat, high-carbohydrate diet plus exercise (HFD+HC+HIIT) (6), high-fat, high-carbohydrate diet plus intermittent fasting (HFD+HC+ADF) (6), and high-fat, high-carbohydrate diet plus exercise and intermittent fasting (HFD+HC+HIIT+ADF) (6). The rats underwent 12 weeks of interventions that included high-intensity interval training (HIIT) 5 sessions per week and intermittent fasting (ADF) consisting of one-day periods between eating and fasting. CPT1 and PPARα protein levels were measured using Western blotting, and data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Tukey post hoc tests at a significance level (P≤0.05). Results: The results showed that high-fat, high-carbohydrate diet significantly decreased the protein levels of PPARα and CPT1 in liver tissue of HFD+HC compared to ND group (P<0.05). However, HIIT significantly increased the protein levels of CPT1 in liver tissue compared to HFD+HC group (P=0.04). Also, the combination of HIIT and ADF significantly increased the protein levels of PPARα and CPT1 in liver tissue compared to HFD+HC group (P≥0.05). Conclusions: HIIT and ADF simultaneously had a significant effect on the expression of PPARα and CPT1 and probably prevent liver disorders caused by high-fat diets by improving lipid metabolism. https://jahssp.azaruniv.ac.ir/article_14952.html Myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury (MI/RI) is one of the determining factors of cardiovascular disease disorders, which is associated with cell death caused by inflammation and impaired activity of deubiquitinating proteins. The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of Interval aerobic training on the expression of A20 and CYLD proteins in the heart tissue of male myocardial infarction model mice.In this experimental study, 30 16-week-old male Wistar rats were randomly divided into three groups: control (healthy), myocardial infarction (MI), and interval training. Myocardial infarction was performed by direct intervention with LAD occlusion for 30 minutes. Interval protocol with moderate intensity of 60 minutes of intermittent running on a treadmill, each interval including 4 minutes of running with an intensity of 65-70% of VO2max and 2 minutes of active recovery with an intensity of 50-60% of VO2max, three days a week and for 8 weeks. Data were compared using one-way analysis of variance and Tukey's post hoc test at a significance level of p<0.05. Result: The result of Tukey's post hoc test for the A20 variable showed that the expression level of this protein in the MI group was significantly lower than that of the healthy control group. Also, the expression level of A20 protein in the interval training+MI group was significantly increased compared to the MI group and the healthy control group. The results showed that although the expression level of CYLD protein in the MI group was reduced compared to the healthy control group; but it was not statistically significant, the expression level of CYLD protein in the interval training+MI group was increased compared to the healthy control and MI groups. Conclusion: Interval aerobic training may prevent inflammation-induced cell death by increasing the expression of cardiac A20 and CYLD proteins. https://jahssp.azaruniv.ac.ir/article_14956.html Background& purpose: Blood Flow Restriction (BFR) resistance training is recognized as an innovative method that induces physiological and functional adaptations similar to traditional resistance training, while reducing the risk of injury. This study aimed to examine the effects of eight weeks of BFR training at two different intensities, followed by a detraining period, on levels of irisin, follistatin, IGF-1, body fat percentage, and muscular strength in male university students. Methods: Fifty-one male students were randomly and equally assigned to one of three groups: low-intensity BFR resistance training (20–30% of one-repetition maximum [1RM]), moderate-intensity BFR resistance training (40–55% 1RM), or a control group. The training groups exercised three times per week for eight weeks, followed by a four-week detraining period. Research variables—including circulating irisin, follistatin, IGF-1 levels, body fat percentage, and maximal muscular strength—were measured 48 hours before and after the training protocol, as well as immediately after the detraining period. Follistatin levels were assessed using enzyme immunoassay, while IGF-1 and irisin concentrations were measured using ELISA. Paired t-tests, ANOVA, and post hoc tests were used to analyze the data. Results: In the low-intensity BFR group (20–30% 1RM), significant increases were observed in follistatin, IGF-1, and muscular strength (P ≤ 0.05). In the moderate-intensity BFR group (40–55% 1RM), significant improvements were found in follistatin, IGF-1 (P ≤ 0.01), muscular strength, and a reduction in body fat percentage (P ≤ 0.05). However, no significant changes were observed in irisin levels (P ≥ 0.05), and the four-week detraining period had no statistically significant effects on any of the measured variables. Conclusion: These findings suggest that BFR resistance training—even at lower intensities—can effectively enhance anabolic responses and muscular strength. Furthermore, the hormonal adaptations and strength gains were relatively maintained following four weeks of detraining https://jahssp.azaruniv.ac.ir/article_14961.html Transforming white adipose tissue (WAT) into brown adipose tissue (BAT) to increase whole body metabolism, reduce weight, and improve insulin sensitivity is an interesting strategy to combat obesity. Oncostatin M (OSM) is a hormone that is closely related to BAT activity and WAT browning. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the effect of eight weeks of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on serum OSM levels, insulin resistance, and body composition indices in overweight and obese women. Methods: This was a quasi-experimental study with a pretest-posttest design in which 25 overweight and obese women were randomly divided into two groups: a control group (n=13) and a HIIT group (n=12). HIIT training was performed for eight weeks (three sessions per week). Blood samples were collected in two stages, before and 48 hours after the last training session (after 10 weeks of training) to measure OSM, insulin resistance, and lipid profile. Data were analyzed using paired t-test and analysis of covariance at a significance level of less than 0.05. Results: HIIT training program resulted in significant reductions in serum OSM (p=0.000), insulin resistance (p=0.000), triglycerides (p=0.01), total cholesterol (p=0.01), LDL (p=0.01), VLDL (p=0.01), weight (p=0.000), BMI (p=0.001), WHR (p=0.000), and body fat percentage (p=0.000). Conclusion: Eight weeks of HIIT can improve insulin resistance index, body composition, and lipid profile in overweight and obese women by reducing serum OSM levels. https://jahssp.azaruniv.ac.ir/article_14964.html Obesity is a global health crisis associated with various metabolic complications. Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 (FGF21) is a key metabolic hormone involved in regulating energy expenditure and improving body composition. Meanwhile, bioactive compounds found in tea may influence energy-regulating pathways. Combined training (aerobic + resistance) in conjunction with tea consumption might have beneficial effects on metabolic health. This study aimed to investigate the effects of eight weeks of combined training (aerobic + resistance) alongside the consumption of three types of tea (white, green, and sour) on serum levels of FGF21 and body composition in overweight and obese men. Methods: In this semi-experimental study, 56 overweight and obese men were randomly assigned to four groups: combined training + green tea, combined training + white tea, combined training + sour tea, and combined training only. The intervention lasted eight weeks with three training sessions per week. The tea-consuming groups received 2 grams of their respective tea, three times daily, brewed and consumed two hours after each meal. Results: ANCOVA analysis (p < 0.05) revealed that combined training along with tea consumption, especially white tea, significantly increased FGF21 levels and decreased weight, BMI, and fat mass compared to the training-only group. No significant changes in lean body mass were observed in any group.Conclusion: The combination of combined training with tea consumption—particularly white tea—can enhance FGF21 levels and improve body composition in overweight and obese men. This combined intervention may serve as an effective approach for improving metabolic health and managing obesity. https://jahssp.azaruniv.ac.ir/article_14977.html Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of aerobic training along with water-soluble Q10 supplementation on the density of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) expression in brain tissue, and motor coordination in a Parkinson's disease (PD) mouse model. Methods: Forty male Wistar rats were randomly assigned into five groups: Sham (healthy control), PD, PD-aerobic training, PD-Q10, and PD-combined intervention. PD was induced by intracerebral injection of 6-OHDA, and confirmed through apomorphine testing.The aerobic training regimen consisted of four weeks of treadmill running (five days/week), including two sessions (duration= 15 min) each day with 60 min rest interval at running speed of 15 meters/minute. 200 mg/kg body weight of water-soluble Q10 or saline (as vehicle) was administered orally each day. Motor coordination was assessed using Rotarod test, tissue BDNF expression level was measured using ELISA and the number of contact neurons in substantia nigra and also proportion of TH+ neurons count in respect to sham group were respectively determined by histology and immunohistology methods.Data were compared using ANOVA and paired samples t-tests. Results:Motor coordination was lower in all PD groups compared to Sham group, with combined intervention group showing better performance than both PD and Q10 groups. Although the number of healthy neurons in substantia nigra were higher in all intervention groups compared to the PD group, however; it was still lower than the Sham group, with the highest number observed in the two Q10 supplemented groups. The findings of TH+ neurons of substantia nigra had a between-group proportional distribution similar to the number of contact neurons, with a significant advantage only observed in the combined intervention group compared to aerobic exercise group. The expression of tissue BDNF protein was higher in all intervention groups, with no significant advantage among the groups. https://jahssp.azaruniv.ac.ir/article_14987.html Background Aim and: This study aims to identify functional changes and evaluate key variables related to physical fitness during training and competitions.Materials and Methods: This research was applied in nature and utilized a longitudinal design within a single group, including a pre-test at the beginning of the season and multiple post-tests throughout the season (12 weeks). The sample consisted of 21 male youth soccer players from the AsyaVision Premier League in Tehran Province, with a mean age of 17.67 ± 0.83 years, a mean height of 177.1 ± 6.07 cm, and a mean weight of 72.3 ± 4.31 kg. Participants completed tests for peak physical capacity, Wingate anaerobic power, Bruce aerobic power, Hoff aerobic test, and leg strength at the start of the second half and end of the season. Statistical covariance analysis and t-tests were used to compare initial and final seasonal changes. Additionally, weekly monitoring of 20-meter sprint speed, T-agility, vertical jump, and muscular endurance (sit-ups) was conducted. Repeated measures ANOVA was used to analyze weekly changes in these variables.Results: In this study, there was a significant increase in Wingate anaerobic power factors, Bruce aerobic power, and Hoff aerobic test, indicating the effect of the intensity of training programs in the second half of the season (P<0.005). However, 12-week monitoring of other factors, including muscular endurance (P=0.421), speed (P=0.203), agility (P=0.354), and vertical jump (P=0.268), showed no significant changes, maintaining baseline levels.Conclusion: Continuous monitoring throughout the competitive season is crucial in optimizing athletic performance and preventing excessive fatigue and overtraining. Youth soccer training and competitions in Iran positively influence some aspects of fitness, creating relative stability in others across the training period, indicating both improvement and sustainability in specific fitness components. https://jahssp.azaruniv.ac.ir/article_14988.html Background: Obesity is associated with the development of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, which involves the accumulation of fat in the liver and can lead to inflammation and liver fibrosis. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of aerobic exercise followed by footshock electrical stimulation on the expression of the hepatokines Fet-A and FGF21 in the liver tissue of calorie-restricted obese rats. Methods: In this experimental study, with a control group of 35 male Wistar rats (8 weeks old, weighing 200±19g), after induction of obesity and weight gain, randomly divided into 5 groups of 7: control, fasting-obese, fasting-endurance exercise, fasting-electrical stimulation and Fasting-endurance training-electrical stimulation were divided. Intervention groups for a period of 4 weeks under endurance sports activity (with a speed of 10 to 20 m/min ), electrical stimulation (0.5 mA and 20 minutes) and fasting (8 to 16 hours) were placed. After exercise and anesthesia, brain tissue sampling was done and after molecular processes, gene expression was measured using Real time-PCR machine. For data analysis, two-way analysis of variance test was used at a significance level of p<0.05 and GraphPad software. Results: The results showed that endurance training resulted in a significant increase in the expression of Fet-A genes and a significant decrease in FGF21 in fasted obese rats compared to the control group (P=0.0001). Also, endurance training with stimulation also resulted in a significant increase and decrease in the values of Fet-A and FGF21 genes (P=0.0001). On the other hand, electrical stimulation showed a significant increase in both genes compared to the control group (P=0.0001). Conclusion: It seems that endurance training and electrical stimulation during fasting, by regulating the hepatokines studied in the above research, leads to a reduction in liver damage caused by obesity and their physical health. https://jahssp.azaruniv.ac.ir/article_15022.html Aim:       Functional movement quality plays a critical role in physical health, particularly among inactive adults with increased risks of obesity and cardiovascular dysfunction. This study aimed to examine the relationship between movement patterns assessed by the Functional Movement Screen and key physiological health indicators, including body mass index, body fat percentage, waist-to-hip ratio, and maximal oxygen uptake, in a non-athletic adult population. Methods: 86 adults (55 men, 31 women; aged 35–60) from Damghan University participated in this cross-sectional study. Body composition was assessed using the GAIA bioelectrical impedance analyzer. VO₂max was estimated via the Queen’s College Step Test, and movement quality was evaluated with FMS, covering seven fundamental patterns. Pearson correlation and independent t-tests were used to analyze relationships and group differences. Results: FMS scores were negatively correlated with body mass index (p = 0.009) and waist-to-hip ratio (p = 0.039), while VO₂max showed significant positive correlations with several FMS components (p < 0.01), particularly those related to flexibility and stability. Age showed a modest negative correlation with certain FMS tasks, such as shoulder mobility and leg raise. Female participants scored significantly higher in flexibility tasks, while males performed slightly better in upper-body strength tasks. Conclusions: Lower functional movement quality is linked to higher adiposity and reduced cardiorespiratory fitness. FMS can serve as a non-invasive screening tool to identify movement limitations and inform preventive strategies. Combining functional and physiological assessments can support the development of targeted exercise programs to improve health outcomes  https://jahssp.azaruniv.ac.ir/article_15023.html Introduction: Adipose tissue in diabetic and obese individuals can increase pro-inflammatory markers and decrease anti-inflammatory markers; while exercise training reverses these processes and improves chronic inflammation. Therefore, the aim of the present study is to review the effect of various exercise training protocols on pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory adipokines in type 2 diabetic, obese, and overweight patients.Research Method: The present study was a systematic review and meta-analysis. Articles in Persian and Latin were searched from the beginning of January 2012 to the beginning of February 2025 in the WOS, SID, Magiran, Scopus, PubMed, ISC, and Google Scholar citation databases. In this meta-analysis, the effect of exercise training on Spexin, DPP4, WISP-1, and SFRP5 levels in type 2 diabetic, obese, and overweight patients was investigated. The mean difference and 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated using a random effects model and heterogeneity between studies was assessed using the I2 index and publication bias was assessed using the Egger test.Results: A total of 26 studies on 5006 subjects in patients with type 2 diabetes, obesity or overweight were meta-analyzed. The results showed that combined exercises increased SFRP5 [(3.46, -0.11) 1.68] compared to the control group. Also, resistance training decreased DPP4 [(0.87, -2.57) 0.85] and WISP-1 [(2.37, -7.26) 2.44], and increased SFRP5 [(0.66, -0.95) 0.14-[ and Spexin ](5.61, -0.07) 2.77] compared to the control group. In addition, aerobic exercise decreased DPP4 [(-0.53, -4.08) 2.30] and WISP-1 [(2.80, -3.94) 0.57], and increased SFRP5 [(2.53, 0.49) 1.51] and Spexin [(2.28, 0.07) 1.17] compared to the control group.Conclusion: The results showed that exercise training, by affecting the reduction of pro-inflammatory adipokines and the increase of anti-inflammatory adipokines, can be an effective and efficient method for improving chronic inflammation and treating metabolic diseases https://jahssp.azaruniv.ac.ir/article_15024.html Abstract Background& purpose: Apoptosis is a progressive disorder in diabetes that gradually affects nerves and tissues. Lifestyle modification is one of the approaches to combat diabetes-related complications, which is why exercise and proper nutrition have always been emphasized by specialists. This study investigates the effect of 6 weeks of endurance training combined with spirulina supplementation on the expression of apoptosis-inducing factors in the hippocampus of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Methods: A total of 28 male Wistar rats were divided into 4 groups by intraperitoneal injection and a single dose of streptozocin (50 mg/kg) including: 1. Diabetes control group, 2. Diabetes + Spirulina group, 3. Diabetes + Exercise group and 4. Diabetes + Exercise + Spirulina group. The exercise program of the exercise groups started for 20 minutes at a speed of 14 cm/s and continued for 45 minutes at a speed of 24 cm/s until the sixth week. Spirulina was administered at a rate of 500 mg/kg body weight via gavage. 48 hours after the last exercise session, hippocampal expression of proBDNF/p75NTR and NF-κB genes was evaluated by RT-PCR method and statistical analyses were performed using SPSS-23 software and one-way ANOVA method. Results: The intervention methods caused downregulation of the studied genes compared to the diabetes control group. A significant decrease in proBDNF and NF-κB expression at the p≤0.001 level and p75NTR expression at the p≤0.01 level was observed in the combined exercise group compared to the diabetes group. There was a difference between the single intervention groups only in p75NTR expression (p≤0.05). Conclusion: Endurance exercise and spirulina supplementation effectively regulate apoptosis in diabetes, suggesting potential benefits in mitigating neurological, metabolic, and cognitive impairments in diabetic patients. https://jahssp.azaruniv.ac.ir/article_15025.html Background& purpose: Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) constitute a large family of growth factors that act on different receptors (FGFRs), resulting in diversity and redundancy in biological responses. The aim of the present study was to compare the effects of eight weeks of high-intensity resistance, endurance, and interval training on the expression of fibroblast growth factor-1 (FGF-1) and its receptor (FGFR-1) in adipose tissue of obese male rats. Methods: Twenty-four male Wistar rats with an average age of 10 weeks and a weight of 150 to 250 grams were purchased. After six weeks of high-fat diet, and after matching based on body weight, the rats were divided into four groups of six including control, high-intensity interval training, resistance and endurance training. They trained five sessions per week for eight weeks. Real Time-PCR was used to measure FGF-1 and FGFR-1 gene expression. One-way analysis of variance and Tukey's post hoc test were used to determine the difference between groups at a significance level of p<0.05. Results: FGF-1 gene expression increased significantly in the high-intensity interval training and resistance training groups compared to the control group. However, this increase was not significant in the endurance training group. Also, the expression of this gene showed a significant increase in the high-intensity interval training and resistance training groups compared to the endurance group. FGFR-1 gene expression increased significantly in the high-intensity interval training and resistance training groups compared to the control group. However, this increase was not significant in the endurance training group. Also, no difference in the increase in gene expression was observed between the training groups.Conclusions: The hypothesis of the influence of the FGF-1 and FGFR-1 signaling pathway on the control of glucose metabolism seems plausible. https://jahssp.azaruniv.ac.ir/article_15029.html Background& purpose: Mitochondria are dynamic organelles that are constantly undergoing fission and fusion. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of eight weeks of moderate-intensity interval training on gene expression of indicators involved in mitochondrial fission and fusion in the liver tissue of male Wistar rats. Methods: In an experimental study, 12 male rats with an average weight of 180 ± 20 g were purchased and included in the study. Then they were placed in two groups of moderate-intensity interval training (n=6) and control (n=6) with the help of simple random method. The moderate intensity interval training was performed for 8 weeks and 5 sessions per week. In the present study, rat liver tissue was used to investigate the genes expression of MFN1, MFN2, OPA1, DRP1, FIS1, PGC-1α and OXR1. Independent t-test and Mann-Whitney were used to compare between groups. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 23 software at a significance level of p<0.05. Results: The results showed that 8 weeks of moderate-intensity interval training did not cause significant changes in body weight, genes expression of MFN1, MFN2, OPA1, DRP1, FIS1, PGC-1α and OXR1 and OPA1/FIS1 ratio in the liver cells of male Wistar rats (p>0.05). Conclusion: It does not seem that moderate-intensity interval training alters the processes of mitochondrial fusion and fission in the liver cells of healthy male Wistar rats. https://jahssp.azaruniv.ac.ir/article_15030.html Background and Purpose: Adropin, a hepatic hepatokine, plays a role in regulating lipid and glucose metabolism. This study aimed to investigate the effect of progressive and constant resistance training on serum and hepatic adropin levels in sugar solution-fed rats .Methods: Thirty-two male Wistar rats (4-6 weeks old) were randomly divided into four groups: healthy control, sugar control, progressive training + sugar, and constant load training + sugar. After 8 weeks of consuming a 10% sugar solution, a training protocol (3 sessions per week for 8 weeks) involving ladder climbing with tail weights was implemented. The dietary intervention continued until the end of the study (approximately 16 weeks). Results: Sugar consumption significantly increased the body weight of the sugar control group compared to the normal control group (P=0.01). The progressive training group showed less weight gain compared to the sugar control group during the study period (P=0.01). Hepatic adropin concentration was significantly higher in the progressive training group compared to the constant load training group (P=0.03). However, no significant difference was observed in serum adropin levels (P=0.57). Furthermore, there were no significant differences in hepatic triglyceride and cholesterol levels among the different groups (P>0.05) .Conclusion: The findings suggest that the type of resistance training protocol can differentially impact hepatic adropin concentration and mitigate the negative effects of sugar consumption on weight gain. Conversely, the effects of these two types of training on serum adropin, hepatic triglyceride, and cholesterol levels appear to be similar. https://jahssp.azaruniv.ac.ir/article_15032.html Aim:       Alzheimer's disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by gradual deterioration of cognitive functions, especially memory and learning. Neurotrophins are known as key molecules in regulating and supporting the growth and survival of neurons. Physical activity can affect these neurotrophins through complex mechanisms such as reducing inflammation, increasing cerebral blood flow, and regulating energy metabolism. However, the role of Physical activity in these patients has not been fully clarified and conflicting results have been reported, and the need for more research in this field is felt. Therefore, the aim of the present study is to investigate the role of exercise on brain-derived neurotrophic factor and nerve growth factor in patients with Alzheimer's disease through a systematic review and meta-analysis. Methods: Articles published in Persian and English until 2025 were searched from Pub Med, Google scholar, Science direct, SID, Scopus and Irandoc databases and included in the meta-analysis. Fixed and random effect models for meta-analysis of average effect size (difference in mean with 95% confidence interval) in the research related to BDNF and NGF were performed with the help of CMA2 software. Results:  The results of meta-analysis showed that Physical activity increases BDNF in Alzheimer's patients (ES=0.76, 95%CI=0.22 to 1.29 , p=0.005). However, doing Physical activity does not cause significant changes in NGF of Alzheimer's patients (ES=-0.51, p=0.32, 95% CI= 0.51 to -1.55). Conclusions:  Doing physical activities with an effect on BDNF can play an important role in Alzheimer's patients https://jahssp.azaruniv.ac.ir/article_15035.html Abstract Background& purpose: The use of various supplements to enhance athletic performance has become widespread among athletes. This study aimed to investigate the effects of Tribulus terrestris supplementation on testosterone and cortisol levels, as well as explosive power in elite weightlifters from Ardabil.Methods: This was a double-blind, quasi-experimental study. Twenty elite weightlifters (mean age 19.35±3.5 years, height 179.46±3.9 cm, and weight 102.6±5 kg) were randomly divided into experimental and control groups. The experimental group consumed Tribulus terrestris for 4 weeks alongside their weightlifting training, while the control group received a placebo. Data were analyzed using ANCOVA and independent t-tests.Results: The results showed no significant effect of Tribulus terrestris on testosterone (P=0.260) or cortisol levels (P=0.462). However, explosive power in both lower and upper body significantly improved in the experimental group (P=0.001).Conclusions: Short-term Tribulus terrestris supplementation does not affect hormonal levels but may enhance explosive power in weightlifters. Due to its potential unknown effects, further research is warranted. https://jahssp.azaruniv.ac.ir/article_15036.html Background& purpose: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the central nervous system characterized by both motor and cognitive impairments. This study aimed to investigate the effects of an eight-week combined training program on serum calprotectin, inflammatory cytokines, motor function, and quality of life in women with MS.Methods: In this semi-experimental study, forty women with MS (mean age: 31.11 ± 6.97 years) were selected through convenience sampling and randomly assigned to either a training or control group. The intervention group participated in an eight-week combined training program, consisting of two resistance sessions and one aerobic session per week. Serum levels of calprotectin, interleukin-17 (IL-17), interleukin-10 (IL-10), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) were measured using ELISA. Fatigue severity and quality of life were assessed using the Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS) and the Multiple Sclerosis Quality of Life-54 (MSQOL-54) questionnaire, respectively. Motor performance was evaluated using the Timed Up and Go (TUG) test and the 6-Minute Walk Test (6MWT). Data were analyzed using paired and independent t-tests and Pearson correlation. Results: After the eight-week intervention, the training group showed significant reductions in serum levels of calprotectin (p = 0.001), IL-17 (p = 0.01), TNF-α (p = 0.01), TUG time (p = 0.01), and FSS score (p = 0.001). In contrast, serum IL-10 levels (p = 0.02), 6MWT distance (p = 0.001), and quality of life scores (p = 0.001) significantly increased. Moreover, quality of life was positively correlated with 6MWT distance (p = 0.01), and inversely correlated with FSS scores (p = 0.01) and calprotectin levels (p = 0.01). Conclusion: Combined endurance and resistance training may effectively reduce inflammatory cytokines and fatigue while improving motor function and quality of life in patients with MS. https://jahssp.azaruniv.ac.ir/article_15043.html Background& purpose Today, kidney damage is one of the global health challenges. The overall objective is to compare the effect of a period of aerobic exercise and supplementation with hydroalcoholic extract of date palm on the expression of Mir-141, Mir-143, and Mir-223 in kidney tissue induced by cadmium chloride in male rats. Method: In this experimental study, 48 healthy adult male Wistar rats with a weight range of 250±30 g and an age of 12 weeks were studied. The rats were randomly divided into 6 groups: intact (healthy), control, cadmium chloride, exercise, palm pollen 200, and palm pollen 400. To induce renal damage, they received cadmium chloride at a dose of 3 mg/kg body weight (diluted with distilled water) daily by gavage. Aerobic exercise consisted of running on a treadmill at a speed of 27 m/min, and one minute was added to the exercise daily. The rats were anesthetized with diethyl ether, and the kidney tissue was removed by making an incision in the abdominal area and transferred to the laboratory for measurement of variables. Results: In kidney tissue, there was a significant difference in the expression of Mir-141 (P=0.001), Mir-143 (P=0.013), and Mir-223 (P=0.001) genes between the research groups. The results of the post hoc test also showed that exercise led to a significant increase in the expression of Mir-141 and Mir-223 genes and a significant decrease in Mir-143 in kidney tissue. Conclusion: Cadmium reduced the expression of Mir-143, Mir-223 and Mir-141 genes in the kidney tissue of mice, but aerobic exercise and consumption of hydroalcoholic extract of palm pollen were able to neutralize the effects of cadmium on the factors, increase their expression and provide homeostasis conditions in the kidney tissue. https://jahssp.azaruniv.ac.ir/article_15119.html AbstractBackground: This study aimed to validate a newly developed software based on the Heart Rate Performance Curve and the Distance Maximum-Based algorithm for determining aerobic and anaerobic thresholds and to compare its accuracy with the gas analyzer as the gold standard. Given the practical limitations of gas exchange tests, including high cost, technical complexity, and physiological burden, non-invasive and cost-effective alternatives are needed. Methods: Thirty elite male football players from the Iranian National Deaf Team performed an incremental maximal treadmill test until exhaustion. Heart rate data were continuously recorded at one hertz using a Polar device and analyzed by the software, which applied the Distance Maximum method and Narita’s equation to automatically determine aerobic and anaerobic thresholds. Simultaneously, oxygen uptake, carbon dioxide output, and ventilation were measured by a gas analyzer as reference values. Agreement between methods was assessed using the Intraclass Correlation Coefficient and Bland–Altman analysis. Results: Excellent agreement was observed between thresholds obtained from the software and the gas analyzer. Intraclass Correlation Coefficient values were 0.93 for the aerobic threshold and 1.00 for the anaerobic threshold (p <0.001). Bland–Altman analysis confirmed the absence of systematic bias, with mean differences of –0.41 beats per minute for the aerobic threshold and 0.00 for the anaerobic threshold, and 95% of data points within limits of agreement. Conclusions: The Heart Rate Performance Curve–Distance Maximum-Based software demonstrated high validity and reliability in determining aerobic and anaerobic thresholds. This non-invasive, cost-effective tool can serve as a practical alternative to gas exchange systems for sports performance assessment, personalized training, and continuous physiological monitoring.Keywords: Aerobic threshold, Anaerobic threshold, Dmax method, Gas analyzer, Heart Rate Performance Curve (HRPC). https://jahssp.azaruniv.ac.ir/article_15047.html Background& purpose: Aging is a slow and progressive process accompanied by fundamental changes in the structure of skeletal muscles. These changes include decreased muscle mass, function, and strength, causing serious challenges in the life of the elderly. This study investigated the effects of concurrent training and capsaicin administration on the expression of IGF-1 and FOXO3 genes in male aged. Methods: In this experimental study, 40 females (65Years old) were randomly assigned to four groups, namely control, capsaicin administration, concurrent training, and capsaicin administration combined with concurrent training. Concurrent trainings were performed under the standard protocol for 12 weeks. Moreover, the subjects were administered 5 mg of capsaicin supplement per kg of body weight via capsule. The research indices were measured through Real-time PCR, and the data were analyzed using a two-way analysis of variance. Results: The interaction effect of concurrent training and capsaicin consumption on FOXO3 gene expression was significant (P=0.00), and the decrease in FOXO3 gene expression was more in the combined group than the other groups and this difference was significant (P=0.00). On the other hand, capsaicin consumption and exercise increased IGF-1 gene expression (P=0.00). The increase in IGF-1 in the combined group was higher than the other groups and the difference was significant with all three groups. Conclusion: The results of the present study showed that concurrent training and capsaicin consumption led to a decrease in FOXO3 gene expression and an increase in IGF-1 gene expression, and these changes were significant in the combined group and it is recommended to follow up on nutrition and exercise strategies for greater effect. https://jahssp.azaruniv.ac.ir/article_15064.html Background& purpose:Obesity is associated with structural and functional impairments in the heart and increases the risk of cardiovascular diseases. The AMPK/SIRT1 signaling pathway plays a key role in regulating cellular energy homeostasis and oxidative stress responses in cardiac tissue. This study aimed to investigate the effect of aerobic exercise on the expression of AMPK and SIRT1 genes in the cardiac tissue of obese male Wistar rats.Methods: In this experimental study, 18 male Wistar rats (mean weight: 187.5 ± 9.37 g) were randomly divided into three groups: healthy control, obese control, and obese with exercise. Obesity was induced by a high-fat diet for 8 weeks. The exercise group underwent aerobic treadmill training for 8 weeks (5 sessions per week). At the end of the intervention, gene expression levels of AMPK and SIRT1 in cardiac tissue were assessed using real-time PCR. Data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post-hoc test (p<0.05).Results: Obesity induction led to a significant reduction in the gene expression of AMPK and SIRT1 in cardiac tissue compared to the healthy control group (p = 0.001). Aerobic exercise significantly increased the expression levels of both AMPK and SIRT1 in the obese exercise group compared to the obese control (p = 0.001).Conclusion: Eight weeks of aerobic exercise can partially reverse obesity-induced metabolic dysfunctions in cardiac tissue by activating the AMPK/SIRT1 signaling pathway. These findings underscore the value of non-pharmacological interventions such as aerobic training in mitigating cardiometabolic complications associated with obesity. https://jahssp.azaruniv.ac.ir/article_15065.html Endurance training enhances physiological and functional capacities; however, subsequent detraining may attenuate or reverse these adaptations. Nonetheless, the effects of relative detraining and shock training on endurance performance and hippocampal and serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels remain insufficiently investigated. This study aimed to investigate the effects of endurance training, detraining, and shock training on endurance performance and BDNF levels in the hippocampus and serum of male rats. Methods: In this experimental study, 24 male Wistar rats (mean weight 247.05 ± 6.75 g) were acclimatized for one week and randomly assigned to four groups: control, endurance training, endurance training + detraining, and endurance training + shock training. The endurance training program consisted of 12 weeks of treadmill running (5 sessions per week). The shock training group, after 8 weeks of endurance training and a 1-week reduced-load period, underwent one 40-minute weekly session at 20–30 m/min from weeks 10 to 12. Endurance performance was assessed using an exhaustion test, and hippocampal and serum BDNF levels were measured via ELISA. Data were analyzed using ANOVA with a significance threshold of P < 0.05. Results: Endurance training significantly improved endurance performance (P = 0.001). Detraining led to a significant decline in performance (P = 0.001) and a 20% reduction in hippocampal BDNF levels. Shock training mitigated the performance decline (P = 0.001) and attenuated the reduction in hippocampal BDNF by 10% compared to the detraining group. Additionally, shock training significantly increased serum BDNF levels compared to the detraining group (P = 0.001). Conclusion: Shock training during detraining periods can prevent substantial declines in endurance performance and BDNF levels in both the hippocampus and serum. These findings highlight the importance of incorporating shock training into exercise programs to maintain physiological gains. https://jahssp.azaruniv.ac.ir/article_15066.html Background& purpose: Inflammation plays a role in the development of breast cancer. However, the anti-inflammatory effects of exercise in breast cancer are still unclear. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the relationship between spleen weight and cancer morphology in response to aerobic training in mice with breast cancer. Methods: 20 BALB/c mice were randomly allocated into two groups: tumor-control (n=10) and tumor-training (n=10) groups. The tumor-training group ran on the treadmill for 6 weeks, 5 days a week,Tumor volume, spleen weight, tumor necrosis weight and heart weight were measured at the end. For experiment and data analysis, independent t test and ANOVA test with repeated measurements and Pearson's correlation test at significance level of 0.05 were used. Results: The results showed that the spleen weight of the tumor-control group increased compared to the tumor-training group (p=0.029). Weekly changes in tumor volume showed a significant increase in this variable in the tumor-control group compared to the tumor-training group (p=0.001). Also, the weight of the heart in the tumor-training group showed a significant increase compared to the tumor-control rats (p=0.005). The weight of necrosis in the tumor tissue in the tumor-training group was increased compared to the rats in the tumor-control group (p=0.001). Conclusions This highlights the potential therapeutic value of exercise as a complementary approach to cancer treatment and underscores the importance of understanding the exercise-induced transcriptional changes in the spleen for the development of novel cancer therapies. https://jahssp.azaruniv.ac.ir/article_15068.html Background& purpose: The PKA/p38 MAPK-HSF1-UCP1 pathway is a key signaling cascade that, in response to cold or adrenergic stimulation, leads to increased UCP1 expression and heat production in brown adipose tissue through sequential phosphorylations. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of endurance training on the PKA/p38 MAPK-HSF1-UCP1 pathway in obese male Wistar rats.. Methods: Thirty healthy male Wistar rats with an average age of eight weeks and an average weight of 187.5 ± 9.37 grams were randomly selected and to induce obesity, the rats were placed on a high-fat diet for 8 weeks. The rats were divided into three groups: healthy control, obese control, and endurance training. After confirming obesity, endurance training was applied to the training group for 8 weeks and 5 sessions per week. Real Time-PCR was used to measure the expression of PKA, p38 MAPK, HSF1, and UCP1 genes. One-way analysis of variance and Tukey's post hoc test were used to determine the difference between groups at a significance level of p<0.05.Results: : The expression of PKA, HSF1 and UCP1 genes in the endurance training group was significantly increased compared to the obese control group. The expression of these genes in the obese control group was also significantly decreased compared to the healthy control group. The expression of p38 MAPK gene was also significantly decreased in the endurance training group compared to the obese control group. The expression of this gene in the obese control group was significantly increased compared to the healthy control group . Conclusions: Endurance training by improving the PKA/p38 MAPK-HSF1-UCP1 signaling pathway may be considered an effective strategy for reducing disorders related to overweight and obesity. https://jahssp.azaruniv.ac.ir/article_15069.html Background& purpose: Type 2 diabetes causes reduced nitric oxide and vascular dysfunction, and the effect of combined exercise on nitric oxide in affected women remains unclear.This study aimed to investigate the effect of eight weeks of combined exercise on serum nitric oxide synthase levels and metabolic indices in women with type 2 diabetes. Methods: In this randomized controlled trial, 30 women with type 2 diabetes (mean age: combined exercise group 50.14 ± 5.99 years, control group 49.27 ± 8.22 years) were randomly assigned to two groups of 15: combined exercise (endurance-resistance) and control. The exercise group performed a moderate-intensity combined training program three times per week for eight weeks. Anthropometric indices, fasting blood sugar (FBS), insulin, nitric oxide (NO), endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) were measured before and after the intervention. Data were analyzed with multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA).. Results: After intervention, the combined exercise group showed significant reductions in fasting blood sugar (p=0.01) and body mass index (BMI) (p=0.03), and a significant increase in serum nitric oxide levels (p<0.001) compared to the control group. Changes in weight, waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), eNOS, iNOS, and insulin were not significant between groups. Conclusions: Regular moderate-intensity combined exercise can significantly improve glycemic control, body composition, and endothelial function by increasing serum nitric oxide in women with type 2 diabetes. These findings emphasize the necessity of incorporating combined exercise programs in the non-pharmacological management of type 2 diabetes, especially in middle-aged women. https://jahssp.azaruniv.ac.ir/article_15070.html Aim: Impaired mitochondrial function in skeletal muscles is often associated with many metabolic diseases such as diabetes. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of eight weeks of aerobic training on the levels of Mfn1 and FIS1 proteins in the gastrocnemius muscle tissue of diabetic rats. Methods: 18 male Wistar rats, eight weeks old and weighing 220±15 g, were randomly assigned to three groups: healthy control, diabetic control, and diabetic training. Type 2 diabetes was induced by a combination of a high-fat diet and streptozotocin injection. the aerobic training program was carried out for eight weeks based on the principle of gradual overload from 15 m/min for 30 minutes in the first week to 25 m/min for 60 minutes in the eighth week. 48 hours after the last training session, the gastrocnemius muscle tissue was extracted and stored at -80°C. Mfn1 and FIS1 protein levels were measured by Western blotting. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with Tukey's post hoc test at a significance level of 0.05 was used for statistical analysis SPSS-23 software. Results: Diabetes induced by a combination of a high-fat diet and streptozotocin injection resulted in a significant decrease in Mfn1 protein and a significant increase in FIS1 protein in the gastrocnemius muscle tissue of diabetic mice (P < 0.05). However, eight weeks of aerobic training resulted in a significant increase in Mfn1 protein and a significant decrease in FIS1 protein in the gastrocnemius muscle tissue of diabetic mice (P < 0.05).Conclusion: According to the results of the present study, it is concluded that physical activity should be considered as a useful and non-pharmacological strategy to maintain mitochondrial dynamics and, consequently, its optimal function in skeletal muscles in diabetes. https://jahssp.azaruniv.ac.ir/article_15072.html Background& purpose: Endurance exercise and caffeine consumption modulate cardiac cell signaling pathways; however, the interactive effects of these interventions on the expression of apoptosis-regulating proteins in myocardial tissue have not yet been fully elucidated. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of eight weeks of endurance training and caffeine supplementation on cardiac apoptosis factors (BAX, BCL2, P53, Caspase3, and miR-499) in male Wistar rats. Methods:Thirty-two rats were divided into four groups: control (ND), caffeine (ND+CAF), endurance training (ND+ET), and combined training + caffeine (ET+CAF). The caffeine groups received 6 mg/kg/day of caffeine via oral gavage. Endurance training was performed on a treadmill for eight weeks (five sessions per week), with intensity increasing from 12 m/min (15 min) in the first week to 27 m/min (60 min) by the eighth week. The relevant factors were measured using Western blot and Real time PCR methods. One Way-ANOVA test was used and Tukey's post hoc test was used to compare the two groups. Results: The results showed that the level of proapoptotic protein BAX was higher in the caffeine group, while it was lower in the endurance training group and the combination of training and caffeine group (P=0.001). Also, the level of antiapoptotic protein BCL2 was higher in the combination of training and caffeine group (P=0.001). The expression level of miR-499 in the endurance training group and the combination of training and caffeine group was higher than that in the control group (P=0.001), and caspase 3 was lower in all groups than in the control group (P=0.001), but it had no significant effect on P53 (P=0.873). Conclusion: endurance training effectively mitigates cardiac apoptosis, and when combined with caffeine supplementation, it enhances anti-apoptotic signaling—indicating a synergistic cardioprotective effect mediated by BCL-2 upregulation, miR-499 activation, and suppression of caspase-dependent apoptotic pathways. https://jahssp.azaruniv.ac.ir/article_15077.html It has been reported that asprosin (ASP) levels are pathologically increased in obesity and metabolic diseases, and interleukin-15 (IL-15) levels are effective in modulating it. However, their mechanisms in response to resistance and aerobic exercise training in people with abdominal obesity have not been well defined. The aim of the present study was to study the effect of 12 weeks of combined training on serum levels of asprosin, IL-15, and diabetes-related indices in men with abdominal obesity.Methods: This study was a quasi-experimental study with a pre-test-post-test design with a control group. 24 middle-aged men with abdominal obesity participated in this study and were randomly divided into two experimental and control groups (12 people in each group). The resistance and aerobic training program was started for 12 weeks and three days a week with an intensity of 55% of one repetition maximum and 50% of maximum heart rate, respectively, and increased by 5% every two weeks. Before and after training, the levels of asprosin, IL-15, and effective indicators in diabetes were measured. Analysis of covariance and paired t-test were used at a significance level of P<0.05. Results: The results of the between-group analysis of covariance showed that IL-15 levels (P=0.001, F=39.54) were significantly increased in the experimental group. The levels of asprosin (P=0.001, F=103.02), glucose (P=0.001, F=0.65), insulin (P=0.001, F=215) and insulin resistance (P=0.001, F=153.28) were significantly lower in the experimental group compared to the control group. Paired t-test results also showed a significant increase in IL-15 (P=0.004, 3.87%), a significant decrease in asprosin (P=0.01, -5.63%), glucose (P=0.001, -16.7%), insulin (P=0.001, -18.4%), and insulin resistance (P=0.001, -31.01%) in response to the exercise group. Conclusion: Exercise training probably has a positive effect on ASP and IL-15 in people with abdominal obesity by improving insulin sensitivity and body composition through regulating inflammatory responses. https://jahssp.azaruniv.ac.ir/article_15078.html Background& purpose: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) occurs due to excessive deposition of fat inside the cytoplasm of hepatocytes, which can lead to simple steatosis, steatohepatitis, fibrosis and cirrhosis. It seems that physical activities are effective in improving fatty liver through the stimulation of myokines. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of combined exercises with two intensity modeles on irisin and physical fitness factors in women with fatty liver. Methods: 33 women with NAFLD (age: 43.45±3.75 years) and (body mass index [BMI] 32.84±1.33 kg/m2) were randomly divided into three equal groups: combined interval with moderate intensity aerobic and resistance trainings [MIIA+RT], combined intense interval and resistance trainings [HIIT+RT] and control [CON]. The training program was carried out 3 times a week for 12 weeks. The variables were measured before and after the exercise training program. Data analysis was performed with repeated measure ANOVA and Tukey's post hoc test at a significant level (p<0.05). Results: The findings showed that both HIIT+R and MIIA+R training programs significantly increased irisin (p=0.001; p=0.023), aerobic power (p=0.001; p=0.01), upper (p=0.002; p=0.002) and lower (p=0.01; p=0.03) body maximum strength and endurance (p=0.036; p=0.02) and (p=0.001; p=0.002), but there was no significant change in weight (p=0.061; p=0.052) and BMI (p=0.11; p=0.054). Conclusion: It seems that women with NAFLD can probably use both intensities of combined exercise as a non-pharmacological intervention to improve non-alcoholic fatty liver and physical fitness independent of body weight loss https://jahssp.azaruniv.ac.ir/article_15084.html Background& purpose: C1q/TNF-related proteins (CTRPs) play important roles in inflammation and metabolism and could serve as promising therapeutic targets for inflammatory diseases. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of six weeks of high-intensity interval training and moderate-intensity aerobic training on serum levels of CTRP9, CTRP15, and factors affecting the pathogenesis of diabetes in obese men. Methods: In a quasi-experimental study, 30 obese men were divided into two experimental groups and one control group (n=10 per group) following initial assessments, using a pre-test and post-test design. High-intensity interval training (90 to 100% of maximum heart rate) and moderate-intensity aerobic training (60 to 75% of heart rate reserve) were performed for six weeks, three sessions per week. Serum levels of CTRP9, CTRP15, and diabetes-related factors were measured before the intervention and 48 hours after the last training session. Data analysis was performed using analysis of covariance (ANCOVA), LSD post hoc test, and paired t-test at a significance level of P ≤ 0.05. Results: The results of the between-group ANCOVA showed that, after controlling for the pre-test effect, significant differences were observed between the groups in CTRP9 (P=0.002, F=12.47), CTRP15 (P=0.001, F=15.87), glucose (P=0.001, F=18.42), insulin (P=0.001, F=21.36), and insulin resistance (P=0.004, F=6.87). The effect of HIIT training was greater than that of moderate-intensity aerobic training in increasing CTRP and reducing diabetes-related indices, although this difference was not statistically significant. Conclusions: Both HIIT and moderate-intensity aerobic training increased CTRP9 and CTRP15 levels and reduced diabetes markers, with HIIT demonstrating a stronger effect. These findings suggest that HIIT could be an effective short-term intervention to improve metabolic function and reduce diabetes risk in obese men. https://jahssp.azaruniv.ac.ir/article_15093.html Background& purpose:Aerobic exercise and saffron have beneficial effects on hemostasis. This study was conducted to determine the effect of saffron extract consumption on certain coagulation indices in trained and untrained male Wistar rats following an exhaustive exercise session. Methods: In this experimental study, 48 Wistar rats were randomly divided into four equal groups: control (C), saffron extract (SE), aerobic exercise (AT), and aerobic exercise + saffron extract (AT+SE). Aerobic exercise was performed for 8 weeks (5 days per week). Saffron extract was administered daily at a dose of 100 mg per kilogram of body weight by oral gavage. At the end of the study, half of the rats were sacrificed immediately before and the other half immediately after being exhausted on the treadmill. Blood clotting rates were measured using PTT and PT times. Data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance at a significance level of 0.05. Results: The results showed that, however, following exhaustion, PTT and PT times were significantly reduced in all groups (p<0.05). and APTT values in the AT+SE group was significantly higher compared to the other groups [(PAPTT C=0.001; PAPTT SE=0.036; PAPTT AT=0.04) (PPT C=0.001; PPT SE=0.022; PPT AT=0.032)]. Also, PT and APTT values of AT and SE groups were significantly higher compared to group C (PAPTT SE=0.04; PAPTT AT=0.033; PPT SE=0.039: PPT AT=0.033). There was no significant difference between the other groups. Conclusions: It seems that aerobic exercise and saffron extract consumption, each independently and more effectively in combination, cause a reduction in the mean prothrombin time and partial thromboplastin time at rest before exhaustion and following an exhausting bout of activity. https://jahssp.azaruniv.ac.ir/article_15096.html Osteoarthritis (OA) is a multifactorial inflammatory disorder in which inflammatory biomarkers play a key pathogenic role. Given the anti-inflammatory effects of exercise training, the purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of eight weeks of combined aerobic and resistance training on the levels of the P2X7 purinergic receptor (P2RX7)and nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain- like receptor protein 3(NLRP3) in the synovial fluid and articular cartilage of aged female rats.Twenty-two Wistar rats (24–28 months, 262.5 ± 15.10 g) were randomly divided into two groups: experimental and control (n= 11 per group). Rats in the experimental group participated in eight weeks of combined aerobic (running on treadmill at an intensity of 40–60% of maximum velocity, 60 minutes per session, without treadmill incline) and resistance training (15 times of climbing on rodent ladder at intensity of 40-60 percentage of maximum workload with 1 minute of rest interval, 45 minutes per session), on alternating days and five days a week. All rats were dissected 48 hours after the last training session, and the measured variables were evaluated using appropriate laboratory methods. Data were analyzed using independent-sample and paired-sample t-tests, with a significance level set at P < 0.05. Eight weeks of combined training led to significant reductions in the experimental group compared to the control group in the following measures: synovial fluid levels of P2RX7 and NLRP3 , cartilage levels of NLRP3 , and body weight. Furthermore, body weight significantly decreased in the experimental group in the after training compared to the before training. It appears that eight weeks of combined aerobic and resistance training can be effective in improving improving OA-related inflammatory status in aged rats by reducing P2RX7 and NLRP3 levels. However, to clarify the mediating mechanisms underlying these effects, it is recommended to measure related inflammatory cytokines in future research. https://jahssp.azaruniv.ac.ir/article_15097.html Alzheimer's disease is one of the most common neurodegenerative disorders, characterized by amyloid-beta accumulation, neuroinflammation, and cognitive decline. Neuroinflammation, mediated by the activation of microglia and the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, plays a key role in disease progression. Aerobic exercise, as a non-pharmacological intervention, can effectively improve brain function by modulating immune responses and increasing anti-inflammatory cytokines. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of eight weeks of aerobic exercise on serum levels of Interleukin-4 (IL-4) and Interleukin-10 (IL-10) and cognitive function in a rat model of Alzheimer's disease induced by scopolamine. This study is the first to show that aerobic exercise can simultaneously increase two key anti-inflammatory cytokines, IL-4 and IL-10, thereby restoring immune balance in favor of an anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective environment in an Alzheimer's disease model. Methods: Thirty male Wistar rats were randomly assigned to three groups: healthy control, Alzheimer's, and Alzheimer's with aerobic exercise. In the Alzheimer's groups, an Alzheimer's-like model for inducing memory and learning impairment was created via intraperitoneal injection of scopolamine (3 mg per kg of body weight) for 14 days. The exercise group trained on a treadmill for eight weeks (five sessions per week), with weekly gradual increases in both speed and running duration. After the intervention, cognitive function was assessed using the Morris water maze test, and serum levels of IL-4 and IL-10 were measured by ELISA. Results: The results showed that aerobic exercise led to a significant increase in the levels of IL-4 and IL-10 in the trained Alzheimer's group (p<0.05), and the cognitive function of these animals improved compared to the non-trained Alzheimer's group (p<0.001). Conclusion: Aerobic exercise, by increasing anti-inflammatory cytokines and improving cognitive function, can be used as an effective non-pharmacological strategy to reduce neuroinflammation and protect the brain against Alzheimer's-related degeneration https://jahssp.azaruniv.ac.ir/article_15099.html Background& purpose: The CX3CL1/CX3CR1 Pathway, a Key Component of the Brain’s Immune System, Plays a Crucial Role in the Progression of Multiple Sclerosis (MS). The aim of this study was to compare the effects of four weeks of aerobic and resistance exercise on the expression of CX3CL1 and CX3CR1 genes in the brains of mice with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Methods: Forty female mice (8 weeks old, 18 ± 2 g) were randomly assigned to four groups: healthy control, EAE, EAE + resistance exercise, and EAE + aerobic exercise. EAE was induced, and the training groups performed swimming and ladder-climbing exercises for 4 weeks, 5 days per week, 30 minutes per day. Forty-eight hours after the final exercise session, the mice were anesthetized, and tissue samples were collected. Gene expression was assessed using the Real-time PCR method. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Tukey's post hoc test (P<0.05). Results: The findings revealed that the expression level of CX3CL1 significantly increased in both the EAE + resistance and EAE + aerobic exercise groups compared to the EAE group (P≤0.05), with no significant difference between the two exercise groups (P=0.97). Additionally, a significant difference was observed between the healthy control and EAE groups (P=0.001). For CX3CR1, significant increases were noted in the exercise groups compared to the EAE control group (P≤0.05); however, no significant differences were observed when compared to the healthy control group (P>0.05). Similarly, no significant difference was found between the resistance and aerobic exercise groups (P=0.99).Conclusions: This study suggests that regular exercise may modulate the expression of CX3CL1/CX3CR1 genes in the brains of EAE mice and could play a potential role in the management of multiple sclerosis. https://jahssp.azaruniv.ac.ir/article_15108.html Background& purpose: Evidence suggests that high-intensity endurance exercise may cause respiratory system impairment and increase the release of airway epithelial integrity biomarkers. However, the effects of different types of endurance exercise on these biomarkers remain unclear. Therefore, the present study compared the influence of endurance exercise type (continuous vs. interval) on airway epithelial integrity by assessing serum levels of club cell protein 16 (CC16), surfactant protein D (SP-D), and the CC16/SP-D ratio in healthy, physically active adult men. Methods: Twenty healthy and physically active adult men (age: 22 ± 4 years) were randomly assigned to either a continuous endurance (CE; n = 10) or interval endurance (IE; n = 10) exercise group. Participants in both groups completed a single session of treadmill running at 85–90% of maximal heart rate (MHR). The CE group performed 20 minutes of continuous running, whereas the IE group completed an interval protocol consisting of five 4-minute bouts with 1-minute rest periods between sets. Paired samples t-test and analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) were used to analyze within-group and between-group changes, respectively. Results: The findings showed that serum levels of CC16 and the CC16/SP-D ratio significantly increased after both continuous and interval endurance exercise (P < 0.05). However, there was no significant difference in serum SP-D levels after the intervention compared with baseline values (P ˂ 0.05). Between-group comparisons also demonstrated no significant differences between the two exercise protocols for CC16, SP-D, or the CC16/SP-D ratio (P ˂ 0.05). Conclusion: A single session of continuous or interval endurance exercise increases the release of CC16 and elevates the CC16/SP-D ratio, but does not significantly affect SP-D release. Furthermore, the type of endurance exercise has no differential effect on the release of airway epithelial integrity biomarkers. https://jahssp.azaruniv.ac.ir/article_15114.html Background& purpose: Obesity and thyroid disorders can disrupt hormonal and metabolic circadian rhythms, and implementing combined exercise and nutritional interventions may play an important role in restoring these rhythms. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of eight weeks of high-intensity functional training combined with time-restricted fasting on circadian rhythm–related hormones in obese women with and without hypothyroidism. Methods: Forty-eight inactive obese women were assigned to four groups: (1) high-intensity functional training combined with time-restricted fasting in obese women without thyroid disorders, (2) time-restricted fasting alone, (3) control group, and (4) high-intensity functional training combined with time-restricted fasting in obese women with hypothyroidism. The time-restricted fasting protocol followed a 16:8 schedule, and high-intensity functional training was performed three times per week for eight weeks. Serum hormone concentrations were measured in a fasting state before and after the intervention. Two-way repeated measures ANOVA with Tukey post-hoc tests was used to analyze the data. Results: The findings showed that serum leptin and cortisol levels decreased significantly in all three intervention groups—functional training plus fasting (healthy), functional training plus fasting (hypothyroid), and fasting alone—compared with the control group (p≤0.05). Additionally, a significant reduction in TSH was observed only in the groups that performed high-intensity functional training in combination with fasting. In contrast, testosterone and GH levels did not show significant changes following the intervention (p≤0.05).. Conclusion: Based on the results, the combination of high-intensity functional training and time-restricted fasting was more effective than fasting alone and partially restored disrupted hormonal rhythms in obese women, both with normal thyroid function and with hypothyroidism. Therefore, this combined approach appears to be a promising strategy for improving metabolic status and circadian rhythm regulation in this population. https://jahssp.azaruniv.ac.ir/article_15118.html Abstract Aim: Parkinson's disease is a chronic neurological disorder that compromises motor and non-motor functions and leads to a decrease in the quality of life and functional capacity of individuals. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of eight weeks of moderate-intensity endurance training with BCAA supplementation on the gene expression of MuRF1, Atrogin-1, and Myostatin in the soleus muscle of Parkinsonian-induced rats. Methods: In the present experimental study, 25 male Wistar rats, at 12 weeks of age and 180-200 gr were used. The rats were divided into following groups (n=5): healthy control (HC), Parkinson control (PC), Parkinson + training (PT), Parkinson + BCAA (PB), and Parkinson + training + BCAA (PTB) groups. Eight weeks of moderate-intensity endurance training (5 days a week) performed on a treadmill. One-way analysis of variance with the Tukey's post-hoc test used to analyze the data (with a significance level of P≤0.05). Results: The results showed that after Parkinson's induction, genes expression levels of MuRF1, Atrogin-1, and Myostatin in the soleus muscle of rats significantly increased (P=0.001). There was a significant decrease in genes expression of MuRF1, Atrogin-1, and Myostatin (P=0.001) only in the moderate-intensity exercise training with BCAA supplementation group after eight weeks of interventions.Conclusion: Although moderate-intensity endurance training and BCAA supplementation alone did not affect gene expression, combining both interventions together caused a significant change in gene expression of MuRF1, Atrogin-1, and Myostatin, indicating the significant effect of exercise when combined with BCAA supplementation for Parkinson's disease in rat. https://jahssp.azaruniv.ac.ir/article_15120.html Background & purpose: Hepatic gluconeogenesis and insulin resistance are key features of the prediabetic state. Chlorogenic acid, a polyphenolic compound with anti-diabetic properties, and endurance exercise, as a non-pharmacological intervention, both play important roles in improving glucose metabolism. This study aimed to investigate the effects of endurance training and chlorogenic acid supplementation on hepatic gluconeogenic pathway in obese prediabetic mice. Methods: Obese male prediabetic rats were divided into four groups: prediabetic control (PreD), endurance exercise (PreD/Ex), chlorogenic acid (PreD/AC), and the combination of both interventions (PreD/AC.Ex). After the intervention period, fasting blood glucose (FBS), plasma insulin, and glucose tolerance test (GTT) were measured. The hepatic expression of key gluconeogenic genes, PCK and G6PC2, was analyzed using RT-qPCR. Results: Both endurance exercise and chlorogenic acid significantly reduced fasting blood glucose and plasma insulin levels compared with the prediabetic group (p<0.001). Glucose tolerance was markedly improved in all intervention groups. Moreover, endurance training significantly increased hepatic expression of PCK and G6PC2, while chlorogenic acid supplementation, particularly when combined with exercise, suppressed this increase (p<0.05). Conclusion: The combined effect of endurance exercise and chlorogenic acid improves glucose homeostasis and attenuates hepatic gluconeogenic gene expression, suggesting a synergistic potential in modulating liver metabolism and preventing the progression from prediabetes to type 2 diabetes. https://jahssp.azaruniv.ac.ir/article_15127.html Background& purpose: Exercising along with consuming medicinal herbs is considered a beneficial method to create favorable changes in the body's antioxidant system and modulate inflammatory responses.Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of twelve weeks of HIFT training and nanocurcumin supplementation on antioxidant enzymes activity of antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), and C-reactive protein (CRP) in women with metabolic syndrome. Methods: The current research was a semi-experimental. For this purpose, 60 women with metabolic syndrome voluntarily participated in this study. The subjects were randomly divided into four groups: high-intensity functional training (HIFT), high-intensity functional training with nanocurcumin (HIFT+NC), nanocurcumin (NC), and control-placebo (C-P). The exercise intervention was performed four sessions per week for twelve weeks. Daily intake of nanocurcumin was 80 mg immediately after breakfast. Blood samples were taken before exercise and 48 hours after the last exercise session to measure serum concentrations of SOD, GPx, TAC, and CRP. Results: The results showed that the values of SOD, GPx and TAC in the high-intensity functional training groups with nanocurcumin consumption, high-intensity functional training and nanocurcumin significantly increased compared to the control group (P<0.05); but the changes in CRP in the intervention groups significantly decreased compared to the control group (P<0.05). The highest percentage of significant changes in the values of SOD, GPx, TAC and CRP were assigned to the high-intensity functional training group with nanocurcumin consumption. Conclusion: The combined effect of high-intensity functional training and nanocurcumin enhances the activity of the antioxidant system and improves the inflammatory state of the body in women with metabolic syndrome. https://jahssp.azaruniv.ac.ir/article_15144.html In cancer, the apoptosis process occurs very rarely, as a result, malignant cells do not die. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of 12-week swimming training combined with curcumin consumption on apoptosis markers in lung tissue of BALB/c mice with lung cancer. In this experimental study, 36 male BALB/c mice, aged 8 to 10 weeks and weigh 18 to 25 g were randomly assigned to two groups: healthy control (n=6) and experimental (n=30, injection of 100 mg/kg body weight of benzo[a]pyrene). After induction of lung cancer, the experimental group of mice were assigned to cancer (n=6), sham (n=6), swimming training (n=6), curcumin (n=6), and training + curcumin (n=6) groups. Swimming training was performed three times a week, for 5 to 38 minutes, for 12 weeks. Curcumin was injected intraperitoneally at a dose of 100 mg/k of body weight daily for 12 weeks. 48 hours after the last training session, Bax and mir-21 gene expression was measured using Real-Time PCR. The analyses were conducted by using IBM SPSS-22.0 statistics. To analyze the data, a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) test with Tukey post hoc tests and two-way ANOVA with Bonferroni post hoc tests were used. The expression of mir-21 gene in the cancer group was significantly increased compared to the healthy control group (P=0.001). Exercise (P=0.001), curcumin (P=0.001) and the combination of training and curcumin (P=0.001) significantly decreased mir-21 compared to the cancer group, and the combination of training and curcumin had the greatest effect in reducing this gene. The Bax gene was significantly increased only in the training + curcumin group compared to the other groups (P=0.001). Swimming training combined with curcumin may be effective in improving apoptosis markers in samples with lung cancer. Further studies are needed to apply the results to human populations.