Comparison of The Effect of Aerobic Training in Sea Water and Beach on Endothelial Function, Inflammation and Oxidative Stress in Overweight Elderly Men

Document Type : Research Paper I Open Access I Released under (CC BY-NC 4.0) license

Author

Assistant Professor , Department of Exercise Physiology,Gilan-E-Gharb Branch, Islamic Azad University, Gilan-E-Gharb, Iran

Abstract

Aim: The aim of the present study was to compare the effect of training in water and land on endothelial function, inflammation and oxidative stress in overweight elderly men.  Methods: 30 overweight men aged 50 to 55 years with a body mass index between 25 and 30 were purposefully selected and randomly divided into three groups of exercise in sea water, exercise on the beach and control (10 people in each group).  The training program were performed for 8 weeks. Training (both on the beach and in the sea) included 25 minutes of running for the weeks of first to eighth with 60%, 65%, 70%, 70%, 75%, 75%, 80% and 85%, respectively. Maximum heart rate was performed. Polar heart rate monitor was used to control heart rate. 24 hours before and 48 hours after the last session, blood samples were taken from all groups in a 12-hour fasting state. C-reactive protein, Malondialdehyde, Endothelin-1, Nitric Oxide and Flow Mediated Dilations were measured for each sample.  Results: The results showed that the levels of MDA, CRP and ET-1 in the two training groups significantly decreased compared to the control group and the levels of NO and FMD in the two training groups increased significantly compared to the control group (P <0.05). But there was no significant difference between the two training groups (P> 0.05).  Conclusion: It is possible that aerobic training in both seawater and land can improve the endothelial function of overweight elderly men, thereby preventing cardiovascular disease in these individuals. Reducing oxidative stress and inflammation are thought to be major reasons for improving endothelial function following aerobic training.

Keywords

References

 
1. Beckman KB, Ames BN. The free radical theory of aging matures. Physiological Reviews. 1998; 78(2):547-581.
2. Golbidi S, Laher I. Exercise and the Aging Endothelium. Journal of Diabetes Research. 2013; 789607:12.
3. Zhang M, Feng L, Li J, Chen L .Therapeutic Potential and Mechanisms of Berberine in Cardiovascular Disease. Curr Pharmacol Rep. 2016; 2:281-292.
4. Burcelin R, Serino M, Chabo C, Blasco-Baque V, Amar J. Gut microbiota and diabetes: from pathogenesis to therapeutic perspective. Acta Diabetol. 2011; 48(4):257-73.
5. Caliceti C, Franco P, Spinozzi S, Roda A, Cicero AF. Berberine: new insights from pharmacological aspects to clinical evidences in the management of metabolic disorders. Curr Med Chem. 2016; 23(14):1460-76.
6. Cameron J, Ranheim T, Kulseth MA, Leren TP, Berge KE. Berberine decreases PCSK9 expression in HepG2 cells. Atherosclerosis. 2008; 201(2):266-73.
7. Chang W, Li K, Guan F, Yao F, Yu Y, Zhang M, et al. Berberine pretreatment confers cardioprotection against ischemiareperfusion injury in a rat model of type 2 diabetes. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther. 2016; 21(5):486-94.
8. Vita JA. Nitric oxide-dependent vasodilation in human subjects. Methods in Enzymology. 2002; 359:186-200.
9. Bonetti PO, Lerman LO, Lerman A. Endothelial dysfunction: a marker of atherosclerotic risk. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology. 2003; 23(2):168-175.
10. Anderson TJ. Assessment and treatment of endothelial dysfunction in humans. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 1999; 34(3):631-638.
11. Chung HY, Kim HJ, Kim JW, Yu BP. The inflammation hypothesis of aging: molecular modulation by calorie restriction. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2001; 928:327-335.
12. Guang-da X, Yun-lin W. Regular aerobic exercise training improves endothelium-dependent arterial dilation in patients with impaired fasting glucose. Diabetes Care. 2004; 27(3):801-2.
13. Clarkson P, Montgomery HE, Mullen MJ, et al. Exercise training enhances endothelial function in young men. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 1999; 33(5):1379-1385.
14. Benjamin EJ, Larson MG, Keyes MJ, et al. Clinical correlates and heritability of flow-mediated dilation in the community: the FraminghamHeart Study. 2004; 109(5):613-619.
15. Franzoni F, Ghiadoni L, Galetta F, et al. Physical activity, plasma antioxidant capacity, and endothelium-dependent vasodilation in young and older men. American Journal of Hypertension. 2005; 18(4):510-516.
16. Maiorana A, O’Driscoll G, Cheetham C, et al. The effect of combined aerobic and resistance exercise training on vascular function in type 2 diabetes. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2001; 38(3):860-866.
79  .... مقایسه تاثیر تمرین هوازی در آب دریا و ساحل بر عملکرد اندوتلیال، التهاب و استرس اکسیداتیو
17. Maiorana A, Driscoll GO, Dembo L, Goodman C, Taylor R, Green D. Exercise training, vascular function, and functional capacity in middle-aged subjects. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 2001; 33(12):2022-2028.
18. Dow CA, Stauffer BL, Brunjes DL, Greiner JJ, DeSouza CA. Regular aerobic exercise reduces endothelin-1- mediated vasoconstrictor tone in overweight and obese adults. Experimental Physiology. 2017; 102(9):1133-1142.
19. Beavers KM, Hsu FC, Isom S, et al. Long-term physical activity and inflammatory biomarkers in older adults. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. 2010; 42(12):2189-2196.
20. Lind L, Carlsson AC, Siegbahn A, Sundström J, Ärnlöv J. Impact of physical activity on cardiovascular status in obesity. European Journal of Clinical Investigation. 2017; 47(2):167-175.
21. Carlsson AC, Arnlov J, Sundstrom J, Michaelsson K, Byberg L, Lind L. Physical activity, obesity and risk of cardiovascular disease in middle-aged men during a median of 30 years of follow-up. European Journal of Preventive Cardiology. 2015; 23(4):359-365.
22. Taddei S, Galetta F, Virdis A, et al. Physical activity prevents age-related impairment in nitric oxide availability in elderly athletes. Circulation. 2000; 101(25):2896-2901.
23. Sitia S, Tomasoni L, Atzeni F, et al. From endothelial dysfunction to atherosclerosis. Autoimmunity Reviews. 2010; 9(12):830-834.
24. Xu Y, Arora RC, Hiebert BM, et al. Non-invasive endothelial function testing and the risk of adverse outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. European Heart Journal Cardiovascular Imaging. 2014; 15(7):736-746.
25. Davignon J, Ganz P. Role of endothelial dysfunction in atherosclerosis. Circulation. 2004; 109(23):27-32.
26. Lesault PF, Boyer L, Pelle G, et al. Daily administration of the TP receptor antagonist terutroban improved endothelial function in high-cardiovascular-risk patients with atherosclerosis. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 2011; 71(6):844-851.
27. Pedrinolla A, Venturelli M, Kirmizi E, Moschetta F, Zardini M, Rudi D, et al. Role of Exercise in Vascular Function and Inflammatory Profile in Age-Related Obesity. Journal of Immunology Research. 2018; 7134235:9.
28. Verreijen AM, Engberink MF, Memelink RG, Van der Plas SE, Visser M, Weijs PJM. Effect of a high protein diet and/or resistance exercise on the preservation of fat free mass during weight loss in overweight and obese older adults: a randomized controlled trial. Nutrition Journal. 2017; 16(1):10-18.
29. Julian V, Thivel D, Pereira B, Costes F, Richard R, Duclos M. Improving peripheral and central vascular adjustments during exercise through a training program in adolescents with obesity. Obesity Facts. 2016; 9(5):321-331.
30. Vinet A, Karpoff L, Walther G, et al. Vascular reactivity at rest and during exercise in middle-aged obese men: effects of short-term, low-intensity, exercise training. International Journal of Obesity. 2010; 35(6):820-828.
31. Lauer T, Heiss C, Balzer J, et al. Age-dependent endothelial dysfunction is associated with failure to increase plasma nitrite in response to exercise. Basic Research in Cardiology. 2008; 103(3):291-297.
32. Ghahremani Moghaddam M, Hejazi K. Effect of aerobic training on Endothelin-1 and Malondialdehyde in inactive elderly women (Persian). Journal of Gorgan University of Medical Sciences. 2016; 18(3):52-57.
33. Muratli HH, Çelebi L, Hapa O, Biçimoğlu A. Comparison of plasma endothelin levels between osteoporotic, osteopenic and normal subjects. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders. 2005; 6(1):49.
34. Suen RS, Rampersad SN, Stewart DJ, Courtman DW. Differential roles of endothelin-1 in angiotensin II-induced atherosclerosis and aortic aneurysms in apolipoprotein E-null mice. The American Journal of Pathology. 2011; 179(3):1549-59.
35. Krause M, Rodrigues-Krause J, O’Hagan C, Medlow P, Davison G, Susta D, et al. The effects of aerobic exercise training at two different intensities in obesity and type 2 diabetes: implications for oxidative stress, low-grade inflammation and nitric oxide production. European Journal of Applied Physiology. 2013; 114(2):251-60.
36. Radovanovic D, Stankovic N, Ponorac N, Nurkic M, Bratic M. Oxidative stress in young judokas: effects of four week pre-competition training period. Archives of Budo. 2012; 8:147-51.
37. Wannamethee SG, Shaper AG, Whincup PH. Modifiable lifestyle factors and the metabolic syndrome in older men: effects of lifestyle changes. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 2006; 54(12):1909-1914.
38. Mokdad AH, Marks JS, Stroup DF, Gerberding JL. Actual causes of death in the United States, 2000. Journal of theAmericanMedicalAssociation. 2004; 291(10):1238-1245.
39. DeSouza CA, Shapiro LF, Clevenger CM, et al. Regular aerobic exercise prevents and restores age-related declines in endothelium-dependent vasodilation in healthy men. Circulation. 2000; 102(12):1351-1357.
40. Taddei S, Galetta F, Virdis A, et al. Physical activity prevents age-related impairment in nitric oxide availability in elderly athletes. Circulation. 2000; 101(25):2896-2901.
41. Karolkiewicz J, Szczˆesniak L, Deskur-Smielecka E, Nowak A, Stemplewski R, Szeklicki R. Oxidative stress and antioxidant defense system in healthy, elderly men: relationship to physical activity. Aging Male. 2003; 6(2):100-105.
42. Johnson BD, Mather KJ, Wallace JP. Mechanotransduction of shear in the endothelium: basic studies and clinical implications. Vascular Medicine. 2011; 16:365-377.
43. Gielen S, Schuler G, Adams V. Cardiovascular effects of exercise training: molecular mechanisms. Circulation. 2010; 122(12):1221-1238.
44. Jarrete AP, Novais IP, Nunes HA, Puga GM, Delbin MA, Zanesco A. Influence of aerobic exercise training on cardiovascular and endocrine-inflammatory biomarkers in hypertensive postmenopausal women J Clin Transl. Endocrinol. 2014; 1:108-114.
45. Son WM, Sung KD, Cho JM, Park SY. Combined exercise reduces arterial stiffness, blood pressure, and blood markers for cardiovascular risk in postmenopausal
80  مهران قهرمانی، مطالعات کاربردی تندرستی در فیزیولوژی ورزش، پاییز و زمستان 1399 ، جلد هفتم، شماره دوم
women with hypertension. Menopause. 2017; 24:262-268.
46. Zaros PR, Pires CE, Bacci M, Moraes C, Zanesco A. Effect of 6-months of physical exercise on the nitrate/nitrite levels in hypertensive postmenopausal women. BMC Womens Health. 2009; 9:17.
47. Lin YY, Lee SD. Cardiovascular Benefits of Exercise Training in Postmenopausal Hypertension. Int J Mol Sci. 2018; 19:2523.
48. Claudio ER, Almeida SA, Mengal V, Brasil GA, Santuzzi CH, Tiradentes RV, et al. Swimming training prevents coronary endothelial dysfunction in ovariectomized spontaneously hypertensive rats. Braz. J Med Biol Res. 2017; 50:5495.
49. Newcomer SC, Thijssen DH, Green DJ. Effects of exercise on endothelium and endothelium/smooth muscle cross talk: role of exercise-induced hemodynamics. J Appl Physiol. 2011; 111:311-320.
50. Cunningham KS, Gotlieb AI. The role of shear stress in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Laboratory Investigation. 2004; 85(1):9-23.
51. Higashi Y, Yoshizumi M. Exercise and endothelial function: Role of endothelium-derived nitric oxide and oxidative stress in healthy subjects and hypertensive patients. Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 2004; 102(1):87-96.
52. Harrison Dg, Widder J, Grumbach I, Chen W, Weber M, Searles C. Endothelial mechanotransduction, nitric oxide and vascular inflammation. Journal of Internal Medicine. 2006; 259(4):351-63.
53. Maeda S, Sugawara J, Yoshizawa M, et al. Involvement of endothelin-1 in habitual exercise-induced increase in arterial compliance. Acta Physiologica. 2009;196(2):223-229.
54. Brandt C, Pedersen BK. The role of exercise-induced myokines in muscle homeostasis and the defense against chronic diseases. Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology. 2010; 520258: 6.
55. Kasapis C, Thompson PD. The effects of physical activity on serum C-reactive protein and inflammatory markers: a systematic review. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2005; 45(10):1563-1569.
56. Plaisance EP, Grandjean PW. Physical activity and highsensitivityC- reactive protein. SportsMedicine. 2006; 36(5):443-458.
57. Hosford-Donovan A, Nilsson A, Wåhlin-Larsson B, Kadi F. Observational and mechanistic links between Creactive protein and blood pressure in elderly women. Maturitas. 2016; 89:52-57.
58. Boa BCS, Yudkin JS, van Hinsbergh VWM, Bouskela E, Eringa EC. Exercise effects on perivascular adipose tissue: endocrine and paracrine determinants of vascular function. British Journal of Pharmacology. 2017; 174(20):3466-3481.
59. Pischon T, Hankinson SE. Hotamisligil GS, Rifai N, Rimm EB. Leisure-time physical activity and reduced plasma levels of obesity-related inflammatory markers. Obesity esearch. 2003; 11(9):1055-1064.
Journal of Applied Health Studies in Sport Physiology
Volume 7, Issue 2
August 2020
Pages 73-80

Files

History

  • Receive Date: 29 December 2020
  • Revise Date: 05 January 2021
  • Accept Date: 05 January 2021

Share

How to cite

Statistics