The Effect of 8 Weeks of High Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) On Serum Irisin, FGF21 and Glycemic Indices in Type 2 Diabetic Women

Document Type : Research Paper I Open Access I Released under (CC BY-NC 4.0) license

Authors

1 MSc. of Exercise Physiology, Department of Sports Physiology, Faculty of Sports Sciences, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran.

2 Associate Professor, Department of Sports Physiology, Faculty of Sports Sciences, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran

3 Assistant Professor, Department of Sports Physiology, Faculty of Sports Sciences, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran.

Abstract

Aim: Due to exercise, Myokines such as Irisin and FGF21 by mediating anti-inflammatory effects, can Effective in progression of insulin resistance caused by type 2 diabetes. thus, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of 8 weeks of HIIT on Serum Irisin, FGF21 and Glycemic Indices in Type 2 diabetic women. Methods: 20 diabetic women (age:55.3 and BMI:27.09) were randomly divided into two groups of HIIT and controls (n=10). The HIIT program performed at 3 sessions per week with 85-80% intensity of maximum heart rate for 8 weeks. Blood samples for measured Serum Irisin, FGF21 and glycemic index were taken from two groups in fasting state. Data were analyzed by dependent t-test and independent t-test (p < 0.05). Results: HIIT significantly increased the serum levels of irisin and FGF21 (p=0.001) and decreased HBA1c (p=0.003), glucose and insulin resistance (p= 0.006) in diabetic women after 8 weeks. There was a significant difference between exercise and control group in FGF21 and Irisin and glycemic indices (p=0.001). Conclusion: Based on the results of this study, it seems that HIIT by stimulating the secretion of myokine, such as irisin and FGF21 can effective in controlling glucose homeostasis and insulin resistance. However, with regard the effect of irisin on changes in white and brown adipose tissue, the study of changes in Adipokine with FGF21 and muscle irisin in HIIT is remarkable.

Keywords

Main Subjects

References

1.             Reynolds K, Saydah SH, Isom S, Divers J, Lawrence JM, Dabelea D, et al. Mortality in youth-onset type 1 and type 2 diabetes: The SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth study. Journal of diabetes and its complications. 2018;32(6):545-9.
2.             Cho N, Shaw J, Karuranga S, Huang Y, da Rocha Fernandes J, Ohlrogge A, et al. IDF Diabetes Atlas: Global estimates of diabetes prevalence for 2017 and projections for 2045. Diabetes research and clinical practice. 2018;138:271-81.
3.             Sahebkar M, Heidarian Miri H, Noormohammadpour P, Akrami R, Mansournia N, Tavana B, et al. Prevalence and correlates of low physical activity in the Iranian population: National survey on non‐communicable diseases in 2011. Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports. 2018.
4.             Henson J, Edwardson CL, Davies MJ, Yates T. Sedentary Behaviour, Diabetes, and the Metabolic Syndrome.  Sedentary Behaviour Epidemiology: Springer; 2018. p. 193-214.
5.             Paneni F, Costantino S, Cosentino F. Insulin resistance, diabetes, and cardiovascular risk. Current atherosclerosis reports. 2014;16(7):419.
6.             Kjøbsted R, Munk-Hansen N, Birk JB, Foretz M, Viollet B, Björnholm M, et al. Enhanced muscle insulin sensitivity after contraction/exercise is mediated by AMPK. Diabetes. 2016:db160530.
7.             Febbraio MA, Pedersen BK. Contraction-induced myokine production and release: is skeletal muscle an endocrine organ? Exercise and sport sciences reviews. 2005;33(3):114-9.
8.             Norheim F, Langleite TM, Hjorth M, Holen T, Kielland A, Stadheim HK, et al. The effects of acute and chronic exercise on PGC‐1α, irisin and browning of subcutaneous adipose tissue in humans. The FEBS journal. 2014;281(3):739-49.
9.             Raschke S, Eckel J. Adipo-myokines: two sides of the same coin—mediators of inflammation and mediators of exercise. Mediators of inflammation. 2013;2013.
10.          Huh JY, Siopi A, Mougios V, Park KH, Mantzoros CS. Irisin in response to exercise in humans with and without metabolic syndrome. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 2015;100(3):E453-E7.
11.          Albrecht E, Norheim F, Thiede B, Holen T, Ohashi T, Schering L, et al. Irisin–a myth rather than an exercise-inducible myokine. Scientific reports. 2015;5:8889.
12.          Dinas PC, Lahart IM, Timmons JA, Svensson P-A, Koutedakis Y, Flouris AD, et al. Effects of physical activity on the link between PGC-1a and FNDC5 in muscle, circulating Ιrisin and UCP1 of white adipocytes in humans: A systematic review. F1000Research. 2017;6.
13.          Boström P, Wu J, Jedrychowski MP, Korde A, Ye L, Lo JC, et al. A PGC1-α-dependent myokine that drives brown-fat-like development of white fat and thermogenesis. Nature. 2012;481(7382):463.
14.          Roca-Rivada A, Castelao C, Senin LL, Landrove MO, Baltar J, Crujeiras AB, et al. FNDC5/irisin is not only a myokine but also an adipokine. PloS one. 2013;8(4):e60563.
15.          Huh JY, Mougios V, Kabasakalis A, Fatouros I, Siopi A, Douroudos II, et al. Exercise-induced irisin secretion is independent of age or fitness level and increased irisin may directly modulate muscle metabolism through AMPK activation. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 2014;99(11):E2154-E61.
16.          Kharitonenkov A, Shiyanova TL, Koester A, Ford AM, Micanovic R, Galbreath EJ, et al. FGF-21 as a novel metabolic regulator. The Journal of clinical investigation. 2005;115(6):1627-35.
17.          Gaich G, Chien JY, Fu H, Glass LC, Deeg MA, Holland WL, et al. The effects of LY2405319, an FGF21 analog, in obese human subjects with type 2 diabetes. Cell metabolism. 2013;18(3):333-40.
18.          Gälman C, Lundåsen T, Kharitonenkov A, Bina HA, Eriksson M, Hafström I, et al. The circulating metabolic regulator FGF21 is induced by prolonged fasting and PPARα activation in man. Cell metabolism. 2008;8(2):169-74.
19.          Emanuelli B, Vienberg SG, Smyth G, Cheng C, Stanford KI, Arumugam M, et al. Interplay between FGF21 and insulin action in the liver regulates metabolism. The Journal of clinical investigation. 2014;124(2):515-27.
20.          Hotta Y, Nakamura H, Konishi M, Murata Y, Takagi H, Matsumura S, et al. Fibroblast growth factor 21 regulates lipolysis in white adipose tissue but is not required for ketogenesis and triglyceride clearance in liver. Endocrinology. 2009;150(10):4625-33.
21.          Nygaard EB, Vienberg SG, Ørskov C, Hansen HS, Andersen B. Metformin stimulates FGF21 expression in primary hepatocytes. Experimental diabetes research. 2012;2012.
22.          Coskun T, Bina HA, Schneider MA, Dunbar JD, Hu CC, Chen Y, et al. Fibroblast growth factor 21 corrects obesity in mice. Endocrinology. 2008;149(12):6018-27.
23.          Hale C, Chen MM, Stanislaus S, Chinookoswong N, Hager T, Wang M, et al. Lack of overt FGF21 resistance in two mouse models of obesity and insulin resistance. Endocrinology. 2012;153(1):69-80.
24.          Taniguchi H, Tanisawa K, Sun X, Cao Z-B, Oshima S, Ise R, et al. Cardiorespiratory fitness and visceral fat are key determinants of serum fibroblast growth factor 21 concentration in Japanese men. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 2014;99(10):E1877-E84.
25.          Cuevas-Ramos D, Almeda-Valdés P, Meza-Arana CE, Brito-Córdova G, Gómez-Pérez FJ, Mehta R, et al. Exercise increases serum fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) levels. PLoS One. 2012;7(5):e38022.
26.          Taniguchi H, Tanisawa K, Sun X, Higuchi M. Acute endurance exercise lowers serum fibroblast growth factor 21 levels in Japanese men. Clinical endocrinology. 2016;85(6):861-7.
27.          Petri I, Dumbell R, Scherbarth F, Steinlechner S, Barrett P. Effect of exercise on photoperiod-regulated hypothalamic gene expression and peripheral hormones in the seasonal Dwarf Hamster Phodopus sungorus. PloS one. 2014;9(3):e90253.
28.          Pedersen BK, Febbraio MA. Muscles, exercise and obesity: skeletal muscle as a secretory organ. Nature Reviews Endocrinology. 2012;8(8):457.
29.          Mitranun W, Deerochanawong C, Tanaka H, Suksom D. Continuous vs interval training on glycemic control and macro‐and microvascular reactivity in type 2 diabetic patients. Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports. 2014;24(2):e69-e76.
30.          Talanian JL, Galloway SD, Heigenhauser GJ, Bonen A, Spriet LL. Two weeks of high-intensity aerobic interval training increases the capacity for fat oxidation during exercise in women. Journal of applied physiology. 2007;102(4):1439-47.
31.          Burgomaster KA, Hughes SC, Heigenhauser GJ, Bradwell SN, Gibala MJ. Six sessions of sprint interval training increases muscle oxidative potential and cycle endurance capacity in humans. Journal of applied physiology. 2005;98(6):1985-90.
32.          Jackson AS, Pollock ML, Ward A. Generalized equations for predicting body density of women. Medicine and science in sports and exercise. 1980;12(3):175-81.
33.          Taha MM, Abdeen HA, Abdelsamaia RA. High Intensity Interval Versus Continuous Moderate Aerobic Training as a Prophylaxsis of Diabetic Nephropathy. International Journal of Diabetes Research. 2016;5(1):14-9.
34.          Mashili FL, Austin RL, Deshmukh AS, Fritz T, Caidahl K, Bergdahl K, et al. Direct effects of FGF21 on glucose uptake in human skeletal muscle: implications for type 2 diabetes and obesity. Diabetes/metabolism research and reviews. 2011;27(3):286-97.
35.          Dostalova I, Haluzikova D, Haluzik M. Fibroblast growth factor 21: a novel metabolic regulator with potential therapeutic properties in obesity/type 2 diabetes mellitus. Physiological research. 2009;58(1):1.
36.          Kim H-J, Lee H-J, So B, Son JS, Yoon D, Song W. Effect of aerobic training and resistance training on circulating irisin level and their association with change of body composition in overweight/obese adults: a pilot study. Physiological research. 2016;65(2):271.
37.          Segsworth BM. Acute Sprint Interval Exercise Induces a Greater FGF-21 Response in Comparison to Work-Matched Continuous Exercise. 2015.
38.          von Holstein-Rathlou S, BonDurant LD, Peltekian L, Naber MC, Yin TC, Claflin KE, et al. FGF21 mediates endocrine control of simple sugar intake and sweet taste preference by the liver. Cell metabolism. 2016;23(2):335-43.
39.          Scalzo RL, Peltonen GL, Giordano GR, Binns SE, Klochak AL, Paris HL, et al. Regulators of human white adipose browning: evidence for sympathetic control and sexual dimorphic responses to sprint interval training. PloS one. 2014;9(3):e90696.
40.          Shirvani H, Arabzadeh E. Metabolic cross-talk between skeletal muscle and adipose tissue in high-intensity interval training vs. moderate-intensity continuous training by regulation of PGC-1α. Eating and Weight Disorders-Studies on Anorexia, Bulimia and Obesity. 2018:1-8.
41.          Berglund ED, Kang L, Lee-Young RS, Hasenour CM, Lustig DG, Lynes SE, et al. Glucagon and lipid interactions in the regulation of hepatic AMPK signaling and expression of PPARα and FGF21 transcripts in vivo. American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2010;299(4):E607-E14.
42.          Nishimura T, Nakatake Y, Konishi M, Itoh N. Identification of a novel FGF, FGF-21, preferentially expressed in the liver1. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)-Gene Structure and Expression. 2000;1492(1):203-6.
43.          Adams DC, Karolak MJ, Larman BW, Liaw L, Nolin JD, Oxburgh L. Follistatin-like 1 regulates renal IL-1β expression in cisplatin nephrotoxicity. American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology. 2010;299(6):F1320-F7.
44.          Xiong X-Q, Chen D, Sun H-J, Ding L, Wang J-J, Chen Q, et al. FNDC5 overexpression and irisin ameliorate glucose/lipid metabolic derangements and enhance lipolysis in obesity. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)-Molecular Basis of Disease. 2015;1852(9):1867-75.
45.          Khodadadi H, Rajabi H, Attarzadeh SR, Reza S, Abbasian S. The effect of high intensity interval training (HIIT) and pilates on levels of irisin and insulin resistance in overweight women. Iranian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2014;16(3):190-6.
46.          Timmons JA, Baar K, Davidsen PK, Atherton PJ. Is irisin a human exercise gene? Nature. 2012;488(7413):E9.
47.          Schnyder S, Handschin C. Skeletal muscle as an endocrine organ: PGC-1α, myokines and exercise. Bone. 2015;80:115-25.
48.          Hee Park K, Zaichenko L, Brinkoetter M, Thakkar B, Sahin-Efe A, Joung KE, et al. Circulating irisin in relation to insulin resistance and the metabolic syndrome. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 2013;98(12):4899-907.
49.          Motahari-Tabari N, Shirvani MA, Shirzad-e-Ahoodashty M, Yousefi-Abdolmaleki E, Teimourzadeh M. The effect of 8 weeks aerobic exercise on insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes: a randomized clinical trial. Global journal of health science. 2015;7(1)115-24.
50.          Tofighi A, Samadian Z, Mahdizadeh A. Blood Levels of Resistin, Glycemic Indices and Lipid Profile in Women with Type 2 Diabetes. J Diabetes Metab. 2016;7(702):2.
51.          Hayashino Y, Jackson JL, Hirata T, Fukumori N, Nakamura F, Fukuhara S, et al. Effects of exercise on C-reactive protein, inflammatory cytokine and adipokine in patients with type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Metabolism. 2014;63(3):431-40.
52.          Durrer C, Robinson E, Wan Z, Martinez N, Hummel ML, Jenkins NT, et al. Differential impact of acute high-intensity exercise on circulating endothelial microparticles and insulin resistance between overweight/obese males and females. PloS one. 2015;10(2):e0115860.
53.          Penumathsa SV, Thirunavukkarasu M, Zhan L, Maulik G, Menon V, Bagchi D, et al. Resveratrol enhances GLUT‐4 translocation to the caveolar lipid raft fractions through AMPK/Akt/eNOS signalling pathway in diabetic myocardium. Journal of cellular and molecular medicine. 2008;12(6a):2350-61.
Journal of Applied Health Studies in Sport Physiology
Volume 6, Issue 2
August 2019
Pages 17-24

Files

History

  • Receive Date: 09 May 2019
  • Revise Date: 21 June 2019
  • Accept Date: 21 August 2019

Share

How to cite

Statistics